【发布时间】:2019-08-19 14:37:39
【问题描述】:
问题:查询耗时过长
我有一个如下所示的新表,有 3e6 行:
CREATE TABLE everything_crowberry (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
group_id INTEGER,
group_type group_type_name,
epub_id TEXT,
reg_user_id INTEGER,
device_id TEXT,
campaign_id INTEGER,
category_name TEXT,
instance_name TEXT,
protobuf TEXT,
UNIQUE (group_id, group_type, reg_user_id, category_name, instance_name)
);
这通常对我的上下文有意义,并且大多数查询的速度都可以接受。
但是这样的查询并不快:
analytics_staging=> explain analyze select count(distinct group_id) from everything_crowberry;
QUERY PLAN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate (cost=392177.29..392177.30 rows=1 width=4) (actual time=8909.698..8909.699 rows=1 loops=1)
-> Seq Scan on everything_crowberry (cost=0.00..384180.83 rows=3198583 width=4) (actual time=0.461..6347.272 rows=3198583 loops=1)
Planning time: 0.063 ms
Execution time: 8909.730 ms
(4 rows)
Time: 8910.110 ms
analytics_staging=> select count(distinct group_id) from everything_crowberry;
count
-------
481
Time: 8736.364 ms
我确实在group_id 上创建了一个索引,但是虽然该索引用于 WHERE 子句,但它并没有在上面使用。所以我得出结论,我误解了关于 postgres 如何使用索引的一些内容。注意(查询结果)有 500 个以下不同的 group_id。
CREATE INDEX everything_crowberry_group_id ON everything_crowberry(group_id);
任何我误解的指针或如何使这个特定查询更快?
更新
为了帮助解决 cmets 中提出的问题,我在此处添加了建议的更改。对于未来的读者,我已经包含了详细信息,以便更好地了解如何进行调试。
我在玩的时候注意到大部分时间都花在了初始聚合中。
seqscan
关闭 seqscan 会使情况变得更糟:
analytics_staging=> set enable_seqscan = false;
analytics_staging=> explain analyze select count(distinct group_id) from everything_crowberry;
QUERY PLAN
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate (cost=444062.28..444062.29 rows=1 width=4) (actual time=38927.323..38927.323 rows=1 loops=1)
-> Bitmap Heap Scan on everything_crowberry (cost=51884.99..436065.82 rows=3198583 width=4) (actual time=458.252..36167.789 rows=3198583 loops=1)
Heap Blocks: exact=35734 lossy=316446
-> Bitmap Index Scan on everything_crowberry_group (cost=0.00..51085.35 rows=3198583 width=0) (actual time=448.537..448.537 rows=3198583 loops=1)
Planning time: 0.064 ms
Execution time: 38927.971 ms
Time: 38930.328 ms
WHERE 会让情况变得更糟
限制为一组非常小的组 ID 会使情况变得更糟,而我可能认为计算一组更小的东西会更容易。
analytics_staging=> explain analyze select count(distinct group_id) from everything_crowberry WHERE group_id > 380;
QUERY PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate (cost=385954.43..385954.44 rows=1 width=4) (actual time=13438.422..13438.422 rows=1 loops=1)
-> Bitmap Heap Scan on everything_crowberry (cost=18742.95..383451.68 rows=1001099 width=4) (actual time=132.571..12673.233 rows=986572 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (group_id > 380)
Rows Removed by Index Recheck: 70816
Heap Blocks: exact=49632 lossy=79167
-> Bitmap Index Scan on everything_crowberry_group (cost=0.00..18492.67 rows=1001099 width=0) (actual time=120.816..120.816 rows=986572 loops=1)
Index Cond: (group_id > 380)
Planning time: 1.294 ms
Execution time: 13439.017 ms
(9 rows)
Time: 13442.603 ms
解释(分析,缓冲)
analytics_staging=> explain(analyze, buffers) select count(distinct group_id) from everything_crowberry;
QUERY PLAN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate (cost=392177.29..392177.30 rows=1 width=4) (actual time=7329.775..7329.775 rows=1 loops=1)
Buffers: shared hit=16283 read=335912, temp read=4693 written=4693
-> Seq Scan on everything_crowberry (cost=0.00..384180.83 rows=3198583 width=4) (actual time=0.224..4615.015 rows=3198583 loops=1)
Buffers: shared hit=16283 read=335912
Planning time: 0.089 ms
Execution time: 7329.818 ms
Time: 7331.084 ms
work_mem 太小(参见上面的解释(分析,缓冲区))
将其从默认的 4 MB 增加到 10 MB 会有所改进,从 7300 ms 增加到 5500 ms 左右。
更改 SQL 也会有所帮助。
analytics_staging=> EXPLAIN(analyze, buffers) SELECT group_id FROM everything_crowberry GROUP BY group_id;
QUERY PLAN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HashAggregate (cost=392177.29..392181.56 rows=427 width=4) (actual time=4686.525..4686.612 rows=481 loops=1)
Group Key: group_id
Buffers: shared hit=96 read=352099
-> Seq Scan on everything_crowberry (cost=0.00..384180.83 rows=3198583 width=4) (actual time=0.034..4017.122 rows=3198583 loops=1)
Buffers: shared hit=96 read=352099
Planning time: 0.094 ms
Execution time: 4686.686 ms
Time: 4687.461 ms
analytics_staging=> EXPLAIN(analyze, buffers) SELECT distinct group_id FROM everything_crowberry;
QUERY PLAN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HashAggregate (cost=392177.29..392181.56 rows=427 width=4) (actual time=5536.151..5536.262 rows=481 loops=1)
Group Key: group_id
Buffers: shared hit=128 read=352067
-> Seq Scan on everything_crowberry (cost=0.00..384180.83 rows=3198583 width=4) (actual time=0.030..4946.024 rows=3198583 loops=1)
Buffers: shared hit=128 read=352067
Planning time: 0.074 ms
Execution time: 5536.321 ms
Time: 5537.380 ms
analytics_staging=> SELECT count(*) FROM (SELECT 1 FROM everything_crowberry GROUP BY group_id) ec;
count
-------
481
Time: 4927.671 ms
创建视图是一项重大胜利,但可能会在其他地方产生性能问题。
analytics_production=> CREATE VIEW everything_crowberry_group_view AS select distinct group_id, group_type FROM everything_crowberry;
CREATE VIEW
analytics_production=> EXPLAIN(analyze, buffers) SELECT distinct group_id FROM everything_crowberry_group_view;
QUERY PLAN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unique (cost=0.56..357898.89 rows=200 width=4) (actual time=0.046..1976.882 rows=447 loops=1)
Buffers: shared hit=667230 read=109291 dirtied=108 written=988
-> Subquery Scan on everything_crowberry_group_view (cost=0.56..357897.19 rows=680 width=4) (actual time=0.046..1976.616 rows=475 loops=1)
Buffers: shared hit=667230 read=109291 dirtied=108 written=988
-> Unique (cost=0.56..357890.39 rows=680 width=8) (actual time=0.044..1976.378 rows=475 loops=1)
Buffers: shared hit=667230 read=109291 dirtied=108 written=988
-> Index Only Scan using everything_crowberry_group_id_group_type_reg_user_id_catego_key on everything_crowberry (cost=0.56..343330.63 rows=2911953 width=8) (actual time=0.043..1656.409 rows=2912005 loops=1)
Heap Fetches: 290488
Buffers: shared hit=667230 read=109291 dirtied=108 written=988
Planning time: 1.842 ms
Execution time: 1977.086 ms
【问题讨论】:
-
你能运行
explain (analyze, buffers)而不是只运行explain (analyze)吗?也许在此之前使用set track_io_timing=on,这样我们也可以看到 I/IO 时序 -
完成,问题已更新。我现在看到大部分时间都发生在聚合中,而不是 seqscan,所以是否使用索引可能是一个红鲱鱼。
-
"temp read=4693written=4693" 表示内存中没有足够的
work_mem进行聚合。 -
你的 Postgres 版本是什么?我本来希望表的大小有一个并行 Seq 扫描和一个并行哈希聚合
-
版本为 9.5。
标签: sql postgresql distinct postgresql-9.5 postgresql-performance