您没有提供一个最小的完整可验证示例。我有一些以前没有放在 Stackoverflow 上的代码。下面是一个简单的 C 文件,它带有一个多重引导头文件和一个内核的入口点,可以用作测试代码的基础。它依赖于作为参数传递给kmain 的多重引导信息结构(最初通过引导加载程序中的EBX)。
代码使用 GRUB Legacy 标头中的定义。如果您的系统上没有安装它,您可以找到copy on the GNU site。还提供了一个基本的链接描述文件。
运行时它应该清除屏幕并打印出传递给内核的命令行以及传递给每个模块的命令行。
kernel.c
#include <multiboot.h>
#include <stdint.h>
/* STRINGIZE is a C macro that allow us to convert an integer to a string
* for use by the C pre-processor */
#define STRINGIZE_INTERNAL(x) #x
#define STRINGIZE(x) STRINGIZE_INTERNAL(x)
/* 32k stack */
#define STACK_SIZE 32768
/* Define the multiboot structure that will be detectable by the multiboot
* loader. Request the loader to provide us a memory information */
#define MULTIBOOT_FLAGS (MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_INFO | MULTIBOOT_PAGE_ALIGN)
struct multiboot_header mb_header
__attribute__ ((aligned (4), section(".multiboot"))) = {
.magic = MULTIBOOT_HEADER_MAGIC,
.flags = MULTIBOOT_FLAGS,
.checksum = -(MULTIBOOT_HEADER_MAGIC + MULTIBOOT_FLAGS)
};
/* Allocate space for a stack */
uint8_t stack[STACK_SIZE];
/* Entry point set in linker script that the mulitboot loader will transfer control to */
extern void start(void);
__asm__ (".global start\n"
"start:\n\t"
/* Set stack pointer to end of stack variable.
Stack grows down. Align stack to 16 byte boundary */
"mov $stack + " STRINGIZE(STACK_SIZE) ", %esp\n\t"
"and $-16, %esp\n\t"
"cld\n\t" /* Ensure string instructions have forward movement */
"sub $8, %esp\n\t"/* For alignment on call to kmain */
"push %eax\n\t" /* Pass magicnum in EAX as 2nd parameter */
"push %ebx\n\t" /* Pass multiboot info struct in EBX as 1st parameter */
"call kmain\n\t" /* At this point stack 16 byte aligned, call kernel */
"add $16, %esp\n\t"
/* Infinite loop to end */
"cli\n"
".L0:\n\t"
"hlt\n\t"
"jmp .L0\n"
);
/* Text mode video pointer */
volatile uint16_t *const video_memory = (uint16_t *)0xb8000;
#define VID_TEXT_COLUMNS 80
#define VID_TEXT_ROWS 25
void clear_screen_attr (uint8_t attr)
{
uint16_t curpos = 0;
while (curpos < VID_TEXT_COLUMNS * VID_TEXT_ROWS)
video_memory[curpos++] = attr << 8 | ' ';
}
void print_string_xyattr (const char *str, uint16_t x, uint16_t y, uint8_t attr)
{
uint16_t curpos = (x + y * VID_TEXT_COLUMNS);
while (*str)
video_memory[curpos++] = attr << 8 | *str++;
}
/* kmain is main C entry point */
void kmain(multiboot_info_t *mb_info, uint32_t magicnum)
{
uint16_t curline = 0;
multiboot_module_t *mb_modules;
uint16_t modindex;
clear_screen_attr (0x07);
/* Verify we were booted from multiboot loader and print MB to the display */
if (magicnum == MULTIBOOT_BOOTLOADER_MAGIC) {
print_string_xyattr ("Multiboot Magic found", 0, curline++, 0x07);
print_string_xyattr ("Command line: ", 0, curline, 0x07);
print_string_xyattr ((const char *)mb_info->cmdline, 14, curline++, 0x57);
/* For each module print out the command line arguments */
mb_modules = (multiboot_module_t *)mb_info->mods_addr;
for (modindex = 0; modindex < mb_info->mods_count; modindex++) {
print_string_xyattr ("Module Cmd line:", 0, curline, 0x07);
print_string_xyattr ((const char *)mb_modules[modindex].cmdline,
17, curline++, 0x57);
}
}
else
print_string_xyattr ("Multiboot Magic not found", 0, curline++, 0x07);
}
linker.ld:
OUTPUT_FORMAT("elf32-i386")
ENTRY(start)
SECTIONS
{
. = 1M;
.text : {
*(.multiboot)
*(.text)
}
.rodata : {
*(.rodata)
}
.data : {
*(.data)
}
.bss : {
*(COMMON)
*(.bss)
}
}
您可以使用以下命令编译并将这些文件链接到名为kernel.elf 的最终 ELF 可执行文件:
i686-elf-gcc -c -m32 -std=gnu99 -ffreestanding -nostdlib -O3 -Wall -Wextra \
-g3 -I/usr/include/multiboot -o kernel.o kernel.c
i686-elf-gcc -m32 -Wl,--build-id=none -T linker.ld -ffreestanding -nostdlib \
-lgcc -o kernel.elf kernel.o
这假设您使用的是交叉编译器。尽管我个人不建议这样做,但您也许可以在宿主环境中只使用 gcc(而不是 i686-elf-gcc)。
调试
您可以使用kernel.elf 使用GRUB 构建ISO。如果您创建一个名为 myos.iso 的 ISO,那么您可以使用 QEMU 和 GDB 来调试代码,例如:
qemu-system-i386 -cdrom myos.iso -d int -no-reboot -no-shutdown -S -s &
gdb kernel.elf \
-ex 'target remote localhost:1234' \
-ex 'break *kmain' \
-ex 'continue'
如果您正在调试故障和中断,-no-reboot -no-shutdown -d int 选项很有用。这首先启动带有 GDB 存根的 QEMU,然后使用 GDB 来调试 QEMU 会话。我们将kernel.elf 文件传递给调试器,以便我们可以使用符号调试。
当停在kmain(代码中的C入口点)时,您实际上可以使用如下命令查看整个mb_info结构(十六进制):
p/x *mb_info
你会得到类似这样的输出:
$1 = {flags = 0x1a6f, mem_lower = 0x27f, mem_upper = 0x1fb80, boot_device = 0xe0ffffff,
cmdline = 0x10078,mods_count = 0x2,mods_addr = 0x100ac,u = {aout_sym = {tabsize = 0x12,
strsize = 0x28, addr = 0x10164, reserved = 0xf}, elf_sec = {num = 0x12, size = 0x28,
addr = 0x10164,shndx = 0xf}},mmap_length = 0x90,mmap_addr = 0x100d4,
drive_length = 0x0,drives_addr = 0x0,config_table = 0x0,boot_loader_name = 0x1007c,
apm_table = 0x0,vbe_control_info = 0x10434,vbe_mode_info = 0x10634,vbe_mode = 0x3,
vbe_interface_seg = 0xffff,vbe_interface_off = 0x6000,vbe_interface_len = 0x4f,
framebuffer_addr = 0xb8000,framebuffer_pitch = 0xa0,framebuffer_width = 0x50,
framebuffer_height = 0x19,framebuffer_bpp = 0x10,framebuffer_type = 0x2,{{
framebuffer_palette_addr = 0x0,framebuffer_palette_num_colors = 0x0},{
framebuffer_red_field_position = 0x0,framebuffer_red_mask_size = 0x0,
framebuffer_green_field_position = 0x0,framebuffer_green_mask_size = 0x0,
framebuffer_blue_field_position = 0x0, framebuffer_blue_mask_size = 0x0}}}
如果您要使用命令p (char *)mb_info->cmdline,您可以让调试器将命令行参数打印为字符串。
这段代码运行时QEMU的截图:
在我的 GRUB 配置中,我将 000 作为内核的命令行参数。我添加了几个命令行参数为001 和002 的模块。