Python 无法安装密码术：命令出错，退出状态为 1答案

【问题标题】：Python cannot install cryptography: Command errored out with exit status 1Python 无法安装密码术：命令出错，退出状态为 1
【发布时间】：2021-10-11 14:23:22
【问题描述】：

我正在尝试使用 Windows 10 操作系统安装密码学，但它不断出错，无法为 cffi 构建轮子。

Collecting cryptography
  Using cached cryptography-35.0.0-cp36-abi3-win_amd64.whl (2.1 MB)
Collecting cffi>=1.12
  Using cached cffi-1.14.6.tar.gz (475 kB)
Requirement already satisfied: pycparser in c:\users\alexf\appdata\local\programs\python\python310\lib\site-package
s (from cffi>=1.12->cryptography) (2.20)
Building wheels for collected packages: cffi
  Building wheel for cffi (setup.py) ... error
  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
   command: 'C:\Users\alexf\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\python.exe' -u -c 'import io, os, sys, setuptoo
ls, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'C:\\Users\\alexf\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-x7mxn55y\\cffi_7273550c7112440
399311ad24099a7b4\\setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'C:\\Users\\alexf\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-x7mxn55y\\cffi_
7273550c7112440399311ad24099a7b4\\setup.py'"'"';f = getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__) if os.path.ex
ists(__file__) else io.StringIO('"'"'from setuptools import setup; setup()'"'"');code = f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'
"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' bdist_wheel -d 'C:\Users\alexf\AppData
\Local\Temp\pip-wheel-q8b5b_9v'
       cwd: C:\Users\alexf\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-x7mxn55y\cffi_7273550c7112440399311ad24099a7b4\
  Complete output (37 lines):
  _configtest.c
  running bdist_wheel
  running build
  running build_py
  creating build
  creating build\lib.win-amd64-3.10
  creating build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\api.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\backend_ctypes.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\cffi_opcode.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\commontypes.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\cparser.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\error.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\ffiplatform.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\lock.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\model.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\pkgconfig.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\recompiler.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\setuptools_ext.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\vengine_cpy.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\vengine_gen.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\verifier.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\__init__.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\_cffi_include.h -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\parse_c_type.h -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\_embedding.h -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  copying cffi\_cffi_errors.h -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
  running build_ext
  building '_cffi_backend' extension
  creating build\temp.win-amd64-3.10
  creating build\temp.win-amd64-3.10\Release
  creating build\temp.win-amd64-3.10\Release\c
  creating build\temp.win-amd64-3.10\Release\c\libffi_msvc
  C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.26.28801\bin\HostX86\x64\cl.exe /c
 /nologo /Ox /W3 /GL /DNDEBUG /MD -Ic/libffi_msvc -IC:\Users\alexf\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\include
-IC:\Users\alexf\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\Include -IC:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2
019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.26.28801\include /Tcc/_cffi_backend.c /Fobuild\temp.win-amd64-3.10\Release\c/_cffi_b
ackend.obj
  _cffi_backend.c
  C:\Users\alexf\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\include\pyconfig.h(59): fatal error C1083: Cannot open inc
lude file: 'io.h': No such file or directory
  error: command 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio\\2019\\Community\\VC\\Tools\\MSVC\\14.26.28801\\
bin\\HostX86\\x64\\cl.exe' failed with exit code 2
  ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for cffi
  Running setup.py clean for cffi
Failed to build cffi
Installing collected packages: cffi, cryptography
    Running setup.py install for cffi ... error
    ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
     command: 'C:\Users\alexf\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\python.exe' -u -c 'import io, os, sys, setupt
ools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'C:\\Users\\alexf\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-x7mxn55y\\cffi_7273550c71124
40399311ad24099a7b4\\setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'C:\\Users\\alexf\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-x7mxn55y\\cff
i_7273550c7112440399311ad24099a7b4\\setup.py'"'"';f = getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__) if os.path.
exists(__file__) else io.StringIO('"'"'from setuptools import setup; setup()'"'"');code = f.read().replace('"'"'\r\
n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' install --record 'C:\Users\alexf\App
Data\Local\Temp\pip-record-ye_cwvjn\install-record.txt' --single-version-externally-managed --compile --install-hea
ders 'C:\Users\alexf\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\Include\cffi'
         cwd: C:\Users\alexf\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-x7mxn55y\cffi_7273550c7112440399311ad24099a7b4\
    Complete output (37 lines):
    _configtest.c
    running install
    running build
    running build_py
    creating build
    creating build\lib.win-amd64-3.10
    creating build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\api.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\backend_ctypes.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\cffi_opcode.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\commontypes.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\cparser.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\error.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\ffiplatform.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\lock.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\model.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\pkgconfig.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\recompiler.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\setuptools_ext.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\vengine_cpy.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\vengine_gen.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\verifier.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\__init__.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\_cffi_include.h -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\parse_c_type.h -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\_embedding.h -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    copying cffi\_cffi_errors.h -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.10\cffi
    running build_ext
    building '_cffi_backend' extension
    creating build\temp.win-amd64-3.10
    creating build\temp.win-amd64-3.10\Release
    creating build\temp.win-amd64-3.10\Release\c
    creating build\temp.win-amd64-3.10\Release\c\libffi_msvc
    C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.26.28801\bin\HostX86\x64\cl.exe
/c /nologo /Ox /W3 /GL /DNDEBUG /MD -Ic/libffi_msvc -IC:\Users\alexf\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\includ
e -IC:\Users\alexf\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\Include -IC:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio
\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.26.28801\include /Tcc/_cffi_backend.c /Fobuild\temp.win-amd64-3.10\Release\c/_cffi
_backend.obj
    _cffi_backend.c
    C:\Users\alexf\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\include\pyconfig.h(59): fatal error C1083: Cannot open i
nclude file: 'io.h': No such file or directory
    error: command 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio\\2019\\Community\\VC\\Tools\\MSVC\\14.26.28801
\\bin\\HostX86\\x64\\cl.exe' failed with exit code 2
    ----------------------------------------
ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1: 'C:\Users\alexf\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\python.exe'
-u -c 'import io, os, sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'C:\\Users\\alexf\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-ins
tall-x7mxn55y\\cffi_7273550c7112440399311ad24099a7b4\\setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'C:\\Users\\alexf\\AppData\\Local
\\Temp\\pip-install-x7mxn55y\\cffi_7273550c7112440399311ad24099a7b4\\setup.py'"'"';f = getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'
"'"', open)(__file__) if os.path.exists(__file__) else io.StringIO('"'"'from setuptools import setup; setup()'"'"')
;code = f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' ins
tall --record 'C:\Users\alexf\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-record-ye_cwvjn\install-record.txt' --single-version-externall
y-managed --compile --install-headers 'C:\Users\alexf\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\Include\cffi' Check t
he logs for full command output.

我有 OpenSSL 版本 1.1.1d、pip 版本 21.2.4，并且正在使用 Python 3.10，如果我尝试自行安装 cffi，则会出现同样的错误。我不知道为什么这不起作用。如果您需要更多信息，我很乐意提供。

【问题讨论】：

标签： python python-3.x pip cryptography

【解决方案1】：

我自己来回答这个问题，因为我太笨了。

密码学，或者可能是它的依赖库之一，例如 cffi，目前还不能与 python 3.10 一起使用。需要回到 3.9 才能正常工作。

【讨论】：