【问题标题】:Arduino (AVR ATMega328) Timer1 does not seem to trigger at the right timeArduino (AVR ATMega328) Timer1 似乎没有在正确的时间触发
【发布时间】:2013-11-21 20:14:25
【问题描述】:

由于 Arduino 上的 PWM 引脚数量最少,我正在尝试实现 Binary Code Modulation(也称为位角调制,BAM)作为 PWM 的替代方案。使用 BAM 背后的想法是 LED 将在离散时间打开和关闭,从而有效地控制 LED 的亮度。这个“时间”是由字节中对应的位值决定的。

例如,如果设置为值 85(共 255 个),即二进制 01010101,这意味着 LED 将交替打开和关闭状态,但时间长度不同。第 0 位“1”表示 LED 将点亮 1 个滴答声,而第 6 位“0”表示 LED 将熄灭 32 个滴答声,依此类推。目标是这将使 LED 足够快地切换到人眼不会注意到的位置,从而根据值产生亮度错觉。较高的值与较亮的 LED 颜色有关。

在执行此操作时,我注意到可以看到 LED 上的刷新率。我可以看到 LED 何时亮起,何时熄灭。它似乎每半秒切换一次端口。由于我没有示波器,因此无需等待即可知道。我在 Arduino 上使用 Timer1 每 8 微秒(125KHz)中断一次。每个中断都会更新连接到 LED 的 PIN 上的状态,无论它是打开还是关闭。

我已经尝试使用Timer1 library 和通过寄存器来执行此操作,但两者似乎都会产生错误的结果。目前,我的代码正在切换一个引脚。如果中断正在正常工作(每 8us 更新一次),那么我应该会看到蓝色 LED(连接到引脚 8)在每个滴答声中切换状态。我的眼睛应该看到的只是一个 LED。

注意:在 Timer1 库和寄存器之间切换时,我的 ISR 只是名称发生了变化。查看代码中的注释。

有人可以看看我的 Timer 实现。我有一种感觉,这可能是问题所在,但我无法弄清楚。

    #include <TimerOne.h>
    #include <SPI.h>
    #include "avr/io.h"
    #include "LEDArray.h"

    #define TIMER_US        (8) //125KHz in microseconds
    #define NUM_OF_LEDS     ((LEDS_PER_ROW)*(LEDS_PER_COL))
    #define LEDS_PER_ROW    (8)
    #define LEDS_PER_COL    (8)

    volatile byte BAM_pos = 0;
    volatile byte BAM_tick = 0;

    // OutputDataH, OutputDataM, and OutputDataL
    // totals to 24 bits. There are 24 pins
    // that I need to shift data to. These three variables
    // will hold the data value corresponding to the associated 
    // bit level
    volatile byte OutputDataH = 0;
    volatile byte OutputDataM = 0;
    volatile byte OutputDataL = 0;
    //bool UpdateLedOutput = 1;

    volatile byte green = 0;
    volatile byte blue = 0;

    void InitTimer(){
      TCCR1A = 0;
      TCCR1B = 0;
      TCNT1  = 0;

      OCR1A = 127;            // compare match register == 16MHz/((prescalar=1)*125KHz) - 1
      TCCR1B |= (1 << WGM21);   // CTC mode
      TCCR1B |= (1<<CS20);    // 1x prescaler 
      TIMSK1 |= (1 << OCIE1A);  // enable timer compare interrupt
    }

    void InitPins(){
        // initialize the digital pin as an output.
        SHIFT_REGISTER |= (DATA | CLOCK | SS );
        // set control pins as low
        SHIFT_PORT &= ~(DATA | LATCH | CLOCK);

            // initialize the led pins for testing
            pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
            pinMode(8, OUTPUT);
    }

    ISR(TIMER0_COMPA_vect){
    //void timerISR(){ //use this with Timer1 Library instead
        //ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect){
        //Move onto next bit, reset BAM state
        if(BAM_tick >= 120){ //8 + 16 + 32 + 64
            BAM_tick = 0;
            BAM_pos = 0;
        }

        // Move onto the next bit at these ticks. Ticks are in 8 microsecond increments
        if(BAM_tick==8 || BAM_tick == 24 || BAM_tick == 56){
            BAM_pos++;
        }

        BAM_pos %= 4; //wrap counter after going through four bits

    // if(UpdateLedOutput){ Change the LED state only when the bit position is updated

            //For every LED, look at enabled bit, if true determine corresponding LEDs_Output bits through the LEDs rgb values
            //There are 3 groups of LEDs, each using 1 byte (8 bits -> 8 pins)
            //We, therefore, have a HIGH, MIDDLE, and LOW byte values that we will shift out
            for(int i=0; i<8; i++){
                if( ((ledOutput.all) & (1<<i))){ 
                //ledOutput.all is of size 24 bits. each bit tells us whether the pin should be enabled for this tick or not
                    OutputDataH |= (1<<i);
                }
            }
            for(int i=8; i<16; i++){
                if( ((ledOutput.all) & (1<<i))){
                    OutputDataM |= (1<<i);
                }
            }
            for(int i=16; i<24; i++){
                if( ((ledOutput.all) & (1<<i))){
                    OutputDataL |= (1<<i);
                }
            }           

            UpdateLedOutput = 0;
    //  }

        //Update LED OUTPUT after we have reach the end of the bits time
    //  if(BAM_tick==8 || BAM_tick == 24 || BAM_tick == 56){
    //      UpdateLedOutput = 1;
    //  }

        //Consume the tick
        BAM_tick++;

        //Shift out the data
        /*Latch_Low();
        sendData(OutputDataH);
        sendData(OutputDataM);
        sendData(OutputDataL);
        Latch_High();
        Latch_Low();
        */


        //different shifting data
    /*
        if(green & (1<<BAM_pos))
            //PORTD |= (1<<PORTD4);
            digitalWrite(4, LOW);
        else 
            digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
           //PORTD &= (0<<PORTD4);

        if(blue & (1<<BAM_pos))
            //PORTB |= (1<<PORTB0);
            digitalWrite(8, LOW);
        else 
            digitalWrite(8, HIGH);//PORTB &= (0<<PORTB0);
        */
        digitalWrite(8, digitalRead(8) ^1);
    }




    void setup() {
         InitData();
         InitPins();
         InitTimer();
        //Timer1.initialize(TIMER_US); 
        //Timer1.attachInterrupt(timerISR);
         EnableSPI(); //Enable SPI as Master
         Serial.begin(9600);
    }


    void loop() {
        // do almost nothing!
       while(1){
         PulseThroughColors();
       }
    }

    //This should slowly increase the brightness of the corresponding pin on the RGB LED
    // Blue should increase brightness, and then decrease it in the opposite manner, indefinitely
    void PulseThroughColors(){
        blue = 0;
        green = 0;
        int i=0;
        for(i=0; i< 255; i++)
            blue = i;
        for (i=255; i>0; i--)
            blue = 0;
        //for(i=0; i< 255; i++)
        //  green = i;
        //for (i=255; i>0; i--)
        //  green  = 0;
    }

【问题讨论】:

    标签: c arduino embedded led


    【解决方案1】:

    所以我的代码中有两个错误。首先,我提高了计数器以 250KHz (4us) 的频率中断。其次,我设置 BAM 水平的方式(接近 ISR 的末尾)是不正确的。我忘了我有一个共阳极 LED,这意味着为了打开颜色,我必须将相应的引脚设置为低电平,而不是如我的示例所示的高电平。固定段位于下方。感谢所有看到这里的人。

    void InitTimer(){
        TCCR1A = 0;
        TCCR1B = 0;
        TCNT1  = 0;
    
        TCCR1A = B00000000;
        TCCR1B = B00001011;
        OCR1A=30;
        TIMSK1 = B00000010;
    }
    
    ISR(...){
     ........
    if(green & (1<<BAM_pos))
        PORTD &= ~(1<<PORTD4);
    else 
       PORTD |= (1<<PORTD4);
    
    if(blue & (1<<BAM_pos))
        PORTB &= ~(1<<PORTB0);
    else 
        PORTB |= (1<<PORTB0);
    }
    

    【讨论】:

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