【发布时间】:2013-11-21 20:14:25
【问题描述】:
由于 Arduino 上的 PWM 引脚数量最少,我正在尝试实现 Binary Code Modulation(也称为位角调制,BAM)作为 PWM 的替代方案。使用 BAM 背后的想法是 LED 将在离散时间打开和关闭,从而有效地控制 LED 的亮度。这个“时间”是由字节中对应的位值决定的。
例如,如果设置为值 85(共 255 个),即二进制 01010101,这意味着 LED 将交替打开和关闭状态,但时间长度不同。第 0 位“1”表示 LED 将点亮 1 个滴答声,而第 6 位“0”表示 LED 将熄灭 32 个滴答声,依此类推。目标是这将使 LED 足够快地切换到人眼不会注意到的位置,从而根据值产生亮度错觉。较高的值与较亮的 LED 颜色有关。
在执行此操作时,我注意到可以看到 LED 上的刷新率。我可以看到 LED 何时亮起,何时熄灭。它似乎每半秒切换一次端口。由于我没有示波器,因此无需等待即可知道。我在 Arduino 上使用 Timer1 每 8 微秒(125KHz)中断一次。每个中断都会更新连接到 LED 的 PIN 上的状态,无论它是打开还是关闭。
我已经尝试使用Timer1 library 和通过寄存器来执行此操作,但两者似乎都会产生错误的结果。目前,我的代码正在切换一个引脚。如果中断正在正常工作(每 8us 更新一次),那么我应该会看到蓝色 LED(连接到引脚 8)在每个滴答声中切换状态。我的眼睛应该看到的只是一个 LED。
注意:在 Timer1 库和寄存器之间切换时,我的 ISR 只是名称发生了变化。查看代码中的注释。
有人可以看看我的 Timer 实现。我有一种感觉,这可能是问题所在,但我无法弄清楚。
#include <TimerOne.h>
#include <SPI.h>
#include "avr/io.h"
#include "LEDArray.h"
#define TIMER_US (8) //125KHz in microseconds
#define NUM_OF_LEDS ((LEDS_PER_ROW)*(LEDS_PER_COL))
#define LEDS_PER_ROW (8)
#define LEDS_PER_COL (8)
volatile byte BAM_pos = 0;
volatile byte BAM_tick = 0;
// OutputDataH, OutputDataM, and OutputDataL
// totals to 24 bits. There are 24 pins
// that I need to shift data to. These three variables
// will hold the data value corresponding to the associated
// bit level
volatile byte OutputDataH = 0;
volatile byte OutputDataM = 0;
volatile byte OutputDataL = 0;
//bool UpdateLedOutput = 1;
volatile byte green = 0;
volatile byte blue = 0;
void InitTimer(){
TCCR1A = 0;
TCCR1B = 0;
TCNT1 = 0;
OCR1A = 127; // compare match register == 16MHz/((prescalar=1)*125KHz) - 1
TCCR1B |= (1 << WGM21); // CTC mode
TCCR1B |= (1<<CS20); // 1x prescaler
TIMSK1 |= (1 << OCIE1A); // enable timer compare interrupt
}
void InitPins(){
// initialize the digital pin as an output.
SHIFT_REGISTER |= (DATA | CLOCK | SS );
// set control pins as low
SHIFT_PORT &= ~(DATA | LATCH | CLOCK);
// initialize the led pins for testing
pinMode(4, OUTPUT);
pinMode(8, OUTPUT);
}
ISR(TIMER0_COMPA_vect){
//void timerISR(){ //use this with Timer1 Library instead
//ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect){
//Move onto next bit, reset BAM state
if(BAM_tick >= 120){ //8 + 16 + 32 + 64
BAM_tick = 0;
BAM_pos = 0;
}
// Move onto the next bit at these ticks. Ticks are in 8 microsecond increments
if(BAM_tick==8 || BAM_tick == 24 || BAM_tick == 56){
BAM_pos++;
}
BAM_pos %= 4; //wrap counter after going through four bits
// if(UpdateLedOutput){ Change the LED state only when the bit position is updated
//For every LED, look at enabled bit, if true determine corresponding LEDs_Output bits through the LEDs rgb values
//There are 3 groups of LEDs, each using 1 byte (8 bits -> 8 pins)
//We, therefore, have a HIGH, MIDDLE, and LOW byte values that we will shift out
for(int i=0; i<8; i++){
if( ((ledOutput.all) & (1<<i))){
//ledOutput.all is of size 24 bits. each bit tells us whether the pin should be enabled for this tick or not
OutputDataH |= (1<<i);
}
}
for(int i=8; i<16; i++){
if( ((ledOutput.all) & (1<<i))){
OutputDataM |= (1<<i);
}
}
for(int i=16; i<24; i++){
if( ((ledOutput.all) & (1<<i))){
OutputDataL |= (1<<i);
}
}
UpdateLedOutput = 0;
// }
//Update LED OUTPUT after we have reach the end of the bits time
// if(BAM_tick==8 || BAM_tick == 24 || BAM_tick == 56){
// UpdateLedOutput = 1;
// }
//Consume the tick
BAM_tick++;
//Shift out the data
/*Latch_Low();
sendData(OutputDataH);
sendData(OutputDataM);
sendData(OutputDataL);
Latch_High();
Latch_Low();
*/
//different shifting data
/*
if(green & (1<<BAM_pos))
//PORTD |= (1<<PORTD4);
digitalWrite(4, LOW);
else
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
//PORTD &= (0<<PORTD4);
if(blue & (1<<BAM_pos))
//PORTB |= (1<<PORTB0);
digitalWrite(8, LOW);
else
digitalWrite(8, HIGH);//PORTB &= (0<<PORTB0);
*/
digitalWrite(8, digitalRead(8) ^1);
}
void setup() {
InitData();
InitPins();
InitTimer();
//Timer1.initialize(TIMER_US);
//Timer1.attachInterrupt(timerISR);
EnableSPI(); //Enable SPI as Master
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
// do almost nothing!
while(1){
PulseThroughColors();
}
}
//This should slowly increase the brightness of the corresponding pin on the RGB LED
// Blue should increase brightness, and then decrease it in the opposite manner, indefinitely
void PulseThroughColors(){
blue = 0;
green = 0;
int i=0;
for(i=0; i< 255; i++)
blue = i;
for (i=255; i>0; i--)
blue = 0;
//for(i=0; i< 255; i++)
// green = i;
//for (i=255; i>0; i--)
// green = 0;
}
【问题讨论】: