SQL Server：SQL 上的事务死锁与 WHERE 子句中的 PK

【问题标题】：SQL Server: Transaction deadlock on SQL with PK in WHERE clauseSQL Server：SQL 上的事务死锁与 WHERE 子句中的 PK
【发布时间】：2018-01-09 22:32:55
【问题描述】：

我们有一个使用表 AU_PROCESSQUEUE 进行以下操作的 Java 应用程序：

  1. 插入新工作
  2. 将作业状态更新为就绪 |正在运行
  3. 更新该作业的相关工作流信息
  4. 作业完成后删除

表 DDL

CREATE TABLE AU_PROCESSQUEUE (
AU_JOB_ID varchar(80) NOT NULL ,
AU_PROCESSFLOW_ID varchar (50)  NULL , 
AU_PROCESSFLOW_NAME varchar (64)  NULL ,
AU_STATUS varchar (30)  NULL ,
AU_SUBJECT varbinary (Max) NULL ,
AU_PROCESSFLOW_OBJECTADDRESS varchar (350)  NULL ,
AU_JOB_METADATA varbinary(Max) NULL ,
AU_QUEUE_TIME datetime NULL ,
AU_START_TIME datetime NULL ,
AU_END_TIME datetime NULL ,
AU_INSTANCE_ID varchar (100)  NULL ,
AU_PRIORITY numeric(18, 2) NULL ,
AU_NODE_NAME varchar (50)  NULL ,
AU_MESSAGE varchar (2000)  NULL ,
CONSTRAINT PK_AU_PROCESSQUEUE PRIMARY KEY(AU_JOB_ID)) ;

索引

CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX [IX_AU_PROCESSQUEUE_AU_STATUS_AU_NODE_NAME]
ON [AdeptiaBackend].[dbo].[AU_PROCESSQUEUE] (
[AU_STATUS] ASC,
[AU_NODE_NAME] ASC
) WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF,
SORT_IN_TEMPDB = OFF, DROP_EXISTING = OFF, ONLINE = ON,
ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON)

CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX [IX_AU_PROCESSQUEUE_AUQUEUETIME]
ON [AdeptiaBackend].[dbo].[AU_PROCESSQUEUE] (
[AU_QUEUE_TIME] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF,
SORT_IN_TEMPDB = OFF, DROP_EXISTING = OFF, ONLINE = ON,
ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON)

有一个SELECT 查询会定期在此表上执行以加载按排队时间排序的 QUEUED 作业

Select * from AU_PROCESSQUEUE (NOLOCK)  
WHERE (AU_STATUS = 'Queued' OR AU_STATUS = 'Ready To Resume') 
and 
( AU_NODE_NAME='localhost' OR AU_NODE_NAME IS NULL ) 
ORDER BY AU_QUEUE_TIME LIMIT 200

Java 应用程序一次只处理固定数量的作业（定义为作业并发，比如 60 个），因此本质上，有 60 个不同的线程并行执行以下查询：

Update AU_PROCESSQUEUE 
SET AU_NODE_NAME=@P0 , 
AU_INSTANCE_ID=@P1,
AU_PROCESSFLOW_OBJECTADDRESS=@P2,
AU_STATUS=@P3,
AU_START_TIME=@P4 
WHERE AU_JOB_ID=@P5

DELETE from AU_PROCESSQUEUE WHERE AU_JOB_ID=@P0

问题

在高作业并发下，比如 60，我们看到 SQL Server 中的事务被死锁。这是死锁跟踪：

<deadlock-list>
 <deadlock victim="process48d914ca8">
  <process-list>
   <process id="process4cdda84e8" taskpriority="0" logused="0" waitresource="KEY: 18:72057594055098368 (666003c8ddef)" waittime="34201" ownerId="1603282" transactionname="DELETE" lasttranstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:31.663" XDES="0x4cdff7770" lockMode="U" schedulerid="1" kpid="3892" status="suspended" spid="122" sbid="0" ecid="0" priority="0" trancount="2" lastbatchstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:31.663" lastbatchcompleted="2018-01-09T10:12:31.663" lastattention="1900-01-01T00:00:00.663" clientapp="Microsoft JDBC Driver for SQL Server" hostname="WIN-UOEQMBQP08C" hostpid="0" loginname="sa" isolationlevel="read committed (2)" xactid="1603282" currentdb="18" lockTimeout="4294967295" clientoption1="671088672" clientoption2="128056">
    <executionStack>
     <frame procname="adhoc" line="1" stmtstart="40" stmtend="132" sqlhandle="0x0200000063980b37a86688199d73e7920178af18c95d90030000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
     <frame procname="unknown" line="1" sqlhandle="0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
    </executionStack>
    <inputbuf>
(@P0 nvarchar(4000))DELETE from AU_PROCESSQUEUE WHERE AU_JOB_ID=@P0            </inputbuf>
   </process>
   <process id="process48d914ca8" taskpriority="0" logused="0" waitresource="KEY: 18:72057594055098368 (666003c8ddef)" waittime="35028" ownerId="1603137" transactionname="DELETE" lasttranstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:31.107" XDES="0x488c743b0" lockMode="U" schedulerid="4" kpid="2232" status="suspended" spid="286" sbid="0" ecid="0" priority="0" trancount="2" lastbatchstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:31.107" lastbatchcompleted="2018-01-09T10:12:31.107" lastattention="1900-01-01T00:00:00.107" clientapp="Microsoft JDBC Driver for SQL Server" hostname="WIN-UOEQMBQP08C" hostpid="0" loginname="sa" isolationlevel="read committed (2)" xactid="1603137" currentdb="18" lockTimeout="4294967295" clientoption1="671088672" clientoption2="128056">
    <executionStack>
     <frame procname="adhoc" line="1" stmtstart="40" stmtend="132" sqlhandle="0x0200000063980b37a86688199d73e7920178af18c95d90030000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
     <frame procname="unknown" line="1" sqlhandle="0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
    </executionStack>
    <inputbuf>
(@P0 nvarchar(4000))DELETE from AU_PROCESSQUEUE WHERE AU_JOB_ID=@P0            </inputbuf>
   </process>
   <process id="process4c809dc28" taskpriority="0" logused="0" waitresource="PAGE: 18:1:3620 " waittime="33435" ownerId="1609771" transactionname="DELETE" lasttranstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:57.623" XDES="0x48d905770" lockMode="IU" schedulerid="4" kpid="1712" status="suspended" spid="289" sbid="0" ecid="0" priority="0" trancount="2" lastbatchstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:57.623" lastbatchcompleted="2018-01-09T10:12:57.620" lastattention="1900-01-01T00:00:00.620" clientapp="Microsoft JDBC Driver for SQL Server" hostname="WIN-UOEQMBQP08C" hostpid="0" loginname="sa" isolationlevel="read committed (2)" xactid="1609771" currentdb="18" lockTimeout="4294967295" clientoption1="671088672" clientoption2="128056">
    <executionStack>
     <frame procname="adhoc" line="1" stmtstart="40" stmtend="132" sqlhandle="0x0200000063980b37a86688199d73e7920178af18c95d90030000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
     <frame procname="unknown" line="1" sqlhandle="0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
    </executionStack>
    <inputbuf>
(@P0 nvarchar(4000))DELETE from AU_PROCESSQUEUE WHERE AU_JOB_ID=@P0            </inputbuf>
   </process>
   <process id="process4c7853468" taskpriority="0" logused="0" waitresource="PAGE: 18:1:4688 " waittime="33460" ownerId="1609641" transactionname="UPDATE" lasttranstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:57.237" XDES="0x4c77783b0" lockMode="U" schedulerid="2" kpid="5660" status="suspended" spid="326" sbid="0" ecid="0" priority="0" trancount="2" lastbatchstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:57.237" lastbatchcompleted="2018-01-09T10:10:20.090" lastattention="1900-01-01T00:00:00.090" clientapp="Microsoft JDBC Driver for SQL Server" hostname="WIN-UOEQMBQP08C" hostpid="0" loginname="sa" isolationlevel="read committed (2)" xactid="1609641" currentdb="18" lockTimeout="4294967295" clientoption1="671088672" clientoption2="128056">
    <executionStack>
     <frame procname="adhoc" line="1" stmtstart="220" stmtend="522" sqlhandle="0x0200000086a2ea1594021304e59bc20f346ab6be8a632b340000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
     <frame procname="unknown" line="1" sqlhandle="0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
    </executionStack>
    <inputbuf>
(@P0 nvarchar(4000),@P1 nvarchar(4000),@P2 nvarchar(4000),@P3 nvarchar(4000),@P4 datetime2,@P5 nvarchar(4000))Update AU_PROCESSQUEUE SET AU_NODE_NAME=@P0 , AU_INSTANCE_ID=@P1, AU_PROCESSFLOW_OBJECTADDRESS=@P2, AU_STATUS=@P3, AU_START_TIME=@P4 WHERE AU_JOB_ID=@P5                                                    </inputbuf>
   </process>
   <process id="process4bd316ca8" taskpriority="0" logused="0" waitresource="KEY: 18:72057594055098368 (666003c8ddef)" waittime="35028" ownerId="1609113" transactionname="DELETE" lasttranstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:55.737" XDES="0x48d66a3b0" lockMode="U" schedulerid="4" kpid="6312" status="suspended" spid="336" sbid="0" ecid="0" priority="0" trancount="2" lastbatchstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:55.733" lastbatchcompleted="2018-01-09T10:12:55.733" lastattention="1900-01-01T00:00:00.733" clientapp="Microsoft JDBC Driver for SQL Server" hostname="WIN-7EFMLLQ3PKJ" hostpid="0" loginname="sa" isolationlevel="read committed (2)" xactid="1609113" currentdb="18" lockTimeout="4294967295" clientoption1="671088672" clientoption2="128056">
    <executionStack>
     <frame procname="adhoc" line="1" stmtstart="40" stmtend="132" sqlhandle="0x0200000063980b37a86688199d73e7920178af18c95d90030000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
     <frame procname="unknown" line="1" sqlhandle="0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
    </executionStack>
    <inputbuf>
(@P0 nvarchar(4000))DELETE from AU_PROCESSQUEUE WHERE AU_JOB_ID=@P0            </inputbuf>
   </process>
   <process id="process4bd316108" taskpriority="0" logused="0" waitresource="KEY: 18:72057594055098368 (666003c8ddef)" waittime="35028" ownerId="1607808" transactionname="DELETE" lasttranstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:51.910" XDES="0x4d1e4a6d0" lockMode="U" schedulerid="4" kpid="9144" status="suspended" spid="266" sbid="0" ecid="0" priority="0" trancount="2" lastbatchstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:51.910" lastbatchcompleted="2018-01-09T10:12:51.910" lastattention="1900-01-01T00:00:00.910" clientapp="Microsoft JDBC Driver for SQL Server" hostname="WIN-UOEQMBQP08C" hostpid="0" loginname="sa" isolationlevel="read committed (2)" xactid="1607808" currentdb="18" lockTimeout="4294967295" clientoption1="671088672" clientoption2="128056">
    <executionStack>
     <frame procname="adhoc" line="1" stmtstart="40" stmtend="132" sqlhandle="0x0200000063980b37a86688199d73e7920178af18c95d90030000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
     <frame procname="unknown" line="1" sqlhandle="0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
    </executionStack>
    <inputbuf>
(@P0 nvarchar(4000))DELETE from AU_PROCESSQUEUE WHERE AU_JOB_ID=@P0            </inputbuf>
   </process>
   <process id="process4bfc37468" taskpriority="0" logused="0" waitresource="KEY: 18:72057594055098368 (666003c8ddef)" waittime="35029" ownerId="1604201" transactionname="DELETE" lasttranstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:36.360" XDES="0x4b89623b0" lockMode="U" schedulerid="4" kpid="2704" status="suspended" spid="535" sbid="0" ecid="0" priority="0" trancount="2" lastbatchstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:36.360" lastbatchcompleted="2018-01-09T10:12:36.360" lastattention="1900-01-01T00:00:00.360" clientapp="Microsoft JDBC Driver for SQL Server" hostname="WIN-7EFMLLQ3PKJ" hostpid="0" loginname="sa" isolationlevel="read committed (2)" xactid="1604201" currentdb="18" lockTimeout="4294967295" clientoption1="671088672" clientoption2="128056">
    <executionStack>
     <frame procname="adhoc" line="1" stmtstart="40" stmtend="132" sqlhandle="0x0200000063980b37a86688199d73e7920178af18c95d90030000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
     <frame procname="unknown" line="1" sqlhandle="0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
    </executionStack>
    <inputbuf>
(@P0 nvarchar(4000))DELETE from AU_PROCESSQUEUE WHERE AU_JOB_ID=@P0            </inputbuf>
   </process>
   <process id="process4bd317468" taskpriority="0" logused="0" waitresource="KEY: 18:72057594055098368 (666003c8ddef)" waittime="35029" ownerId="1603983" transactionname="DELETE" lasttranstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:35.400" XDES="0x47ff6c540" lockMode="U" schedulerid="4" kpid="3508" status="suspended" spid="160" sbid="0" ecid="0" priority="0" trancount="2" lastbatchstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:35.400" lastbatchcompleted="2018-01-09T10:12:35.400" lastattention="1900-01-01T00:00:00.400" clientapp="Microsoft JDBC Driver for SQL Server" hostname="WIN-UOEQMBQP08C" hostpid="0" loginname="sa" isolationlevel="read committed (2)" xactid="1603983" currentdb="18" lockTimeout="4294967295" clientoption1="671088672" clientoption2="128056">
    <executionStack>
     <frame procname="adhoc" line="1" stmtstart="40" stmtend="132" sqlhandle="0x0200000063980b37a86688199d73e7920178af18c95d90030000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
     <frame procname="unknown" line="1" sqlhandle="0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
    </executionStack>
    <inputbuf>
(@P0 nvarchar(4000))DELETE from AU_PROCESSQUEUE WHERE AU_JOB_ID=@P0            </inputbuf>
   </process>
   <process id="process4bd3168c8" taskpriority="0" logused="0" waitresource="PAGE: 18:1:3620 " waittime="8339" ownerId="1598759" transactionname="DELETE" lasttranstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:16.410" XDES="0x491786d90" lockMode="IU" schedulerid="4" kpid="6692" status="suspended" spid="350" sbid="0" ecid="0" priority="0" trancount="2" lastbatchstarted="2018-01-09T10:12:16.410" lastbatchcompleted="2018-01-09T10:12:16.407" lastattention="1900-01-01T00:00:00.407" clientapp="Microsoft JDBC Driver for SQL Server" hostname="WIN-7EFMLLQ3PKJ" hostpid="0" loginname="sa" isolationlevel="read committed (2)" xactid="1598759" currentdb="18" lockTimeout="4294967295" clientoption1="671088672" clientoption2="128056">
    <executionStack>
     <frame procname="adhoc" line="1" stmtstart="40" stmtend="132" sqlhandle="0x0200000063980b37a86688199d73e7920178af18c95d90030000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
     <frame procname="unknown" line="1" sqlhandle="0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000">
unknown     </frame>
    </executionStack>
    <inputbuf>
(@P0 nvarchar(4000))DELETE from AU_PROCESSQUEUE WHERE AU_JOB_ID=@P0            </inputbuf>
   </process>
  </process-list>
  <resource-list>
   <keylock hobtid="72057594055098368" dbid="18" objectname="topco_cluster_bk.dbo.AU_PROCESSQUEUE" indexname="IX_AU_PROCESSQUEUE_AUQUEUETIME" id="lock4cfec4f80" mode="U" associatedObjectId="72057594055098368">
    <owner-list>
     <owner id="process48d914ca8" mode="U" requestType="wait"/>
    </owner-list>
    <waiter-list>
     <waiter id="process4cdda84e8" mode="U" requestType="wait"/>
    </waiter-list>
   </keylock>
   <keylock hobtid="72057594055098368" dbid="18" objectname="topco_cluster_bk.dbo.AU_PROCESSQUEUE" indexname="IX_AU_PROCESSQUEUE_AUQUEUETIME" id="lock4cfec4f80" mode="U" associatedObjectId="72057594055098368">
    <owner-list>
     <owner id="process4bd3168c8" mode="U"/>
    </owner-list>
    <waiter-list>
     <waiter id="process48d914ca8" mode="U" requestType="wait"/>
    </waiter-list>
   </keylock>
   <pagelock fileid="1" pageid="3620" dbid="18" subresource="FULL" objectname="topco_cluster_bk.dbo.AU_PROCESSQUEUE" id="lock4af764580" mode="U" associatedObjectId="72057594055098368">
    <owner-list>
     <owner id="process4c7853468" mode="U"/>
    </owner-list>
    <waiter-list>
     <waiter id="process4c809dc28" mode="IU" requestType="wait"/>
    </waiter-list>
   </pagelock>
   <pagelock fileid="1" pageid="4688" dbid="18" subresource="FULL" objectname="topco_cluster_bk.dbo.AU_PROCESSQUEUE" id="lock4cfe98600" mode="IU" associatedObjectId="72057594055098368">
    <owner-list>
     <owner id="process4cdda84e8" mode="IU"/>
     <owner id="process4bfc37468" mode="IU"/>
     <owner id="process4bd317468" mode="IU"/>
     <owner id="process48d914ca8" mode="IU"/>
    </owner-list>
    <waiter-list>
     <waiter id="process4c7853468" mode="U" requestType="wait"/>
    </waiter-list>
   </pagelock>
   <keylock hobtid="72057594055098368" dbid="18" objectname="topco_cluster_bk.dbo.AU_PROCESSQUEUE" indexname="IX_AU_PROCESSQUEUE_AUQUEUETIME" id="lock4cfec4f80" mode="U" associatedObjectId="72057594055098368">
    <owner-list>
     <owner id="process48d914ca8" mode="U" requestType="wait"/>
    </owner-list>
    <waiter-list>
     <waiter id="process4bd316ca8" mode="U" requestType="wait"/>
    </waiter-list>
   </keylock>
   <keylock hobtid="72057594055098368" dbid="18" objectname="topco_cluster_bk.dbo.AU_PROCESSQUEUE" indexname="IX_AU_PROCESSQUEUE_AUQUEUETIME" id="lock4cfec4f80" mode="U" associatedObjectId="72057594055098368">
    <owner-list>
     <owner id="process48d914ca8" mode="U" requestType="wait"/>
    </owner-list>
    <waiter-list>
     <waiter id="process4bd316108" mode="U" requestType="wait"/>
    </waiter-list>
   </keylock>
   <keylock hobtid="72057594055098368" dbid="18" objectname="topco_cluster_bk.dbo.AU_PROCESSQUEUE" indexname="IX_AU_PROCESSQUEUE_AUQUEUETIME" id="lock4cfec4f80" mode="U" associatedObjectId="72057594055098368">
    <owner-list>
     <owner id="process48d914ca8" mode="U" requestType="wait"/>
    </owner-list>
    <waiter-list>
     <waiter id="process4bfc37468" mode="U" requestType="wait"/>
    </waiter-list>
   </keylock>
   <keylock hobtid="72057594055098368" dbid="18" objectname="topco_cluster_bk.dbo.AU_PROCESSQUEUE" indexname="IX_AU_PROCESSQUEUE_AUQUEUETIME" id="lock4cfec4f80" mode="U" associatedObjectId="72057594055098368">
    <owner-list>
     <owner id="process48d914ca8" mode="U" requestType="wait"/>
    </owner-list>
    <waiter-list>
     <waiter id="process4bd317468" mode="U" requestType="wait"/>
    </waiter-list>
   </keylock>
   <pagelock fileid="1" pageid="3620" dbid="18" subresource="FULL" objectname="topco_cluster_bk.dbo.AU_PROCESSQUEUE" id="lock4af764580" mode="U" associatedObjectId="72057594055098368">
    <owner-list>
     <owner id="process4c809dc28" mode="IU" requestType="wait"/>
    </owner-list>
    <waiter-list>
     <waiter id="process4bd3168c8" mode="IU" requestType="wait"/>
    </waiter-list>
   </pagelock>
  </resource-list>
 </deadlock>
</deadlock-list>

问题

  1. 当UPDATE 和DELETE 查询都在WHERE 子句中使用PK 执行时，为什么我会看到死锁？ PK上的更新和删除不是最好的方案吗？
  2. 如果我将 PK（AU_JOB_ID 列）改为 INT（或 BIGINT）而不是 VARCHAR，会有帮助吗？
  3. 如果我更改状态列 (AU_STATUS) 以引用查找代码，这是否会有所帮助 - 这会将列从 VARCHAR 更改为 INT 并有助于更快地进行比较和搜索？

我不是数据库和 SQL Server 方面的专家，因此我们将不胜感激。提前致谢！

【问题讨论】：

  • 来吧格式，这样我们就不必向右滚动一英里
  • @Paparazzi：谢谢你的建议，我已经改进了格式。
  • 如果您认为它们是“幻象”冲突，您可以切换到事务隔离级别 SERIALIZABLE。
  • 可能不是幻象碰撞。当从聚集索引中删除一行时，它也必须在 AU_QUEUE_TIME 从索引中删除。因此，它将为已删除行查找 AU_QUEUE_TIME 值的索引，并且需要读取（使用 U 锁）具有相同 AU_QUEUE_TIME 的所有索引键以找到它需要删除的索引键。

标签： sql-server database indexing database-deadlocks locks


【解决方案1】：

退后一步，即使您是“数据库和 SQL Server 方面的专家”，也很难调整和排除故障以解决这个问题。基本问题是每次更新或删除时都需要更新三种不同的数据结构：聚集索引和两个非聚集索引。

当使用表作为队列时，要么需要保持表结构极其简单，要么使用Service Broker Queues，这是 SQL Server 的本机数据库内队列功能。

那么做你在 Java 中会做的事情，同步对你的共享数据的访问。在 SQL Server 中，您使用事务和 Application Lock 来确保会话具有运行一些代码的简短、独占访问权限。

【讨论】：

  • 最初，我们的表只有PK（聚集索引），在这种情况下，死锁的频率非常高。应用非聚集索引后，它减少了，但我们仍然看到死锁。该表没有太多记录 - 大约 25K。
【解决方案2】：

您似乎专注于锁定发生的位置，而不是导致锁定的原因。

如果选择没有锁定，那么更新和删除应该没有问题。

【讨论】：

  • 您是否建议 SELECT 语句导致锁定，因为我在 UPDATE 和 DELETE 操作期间看到死锁？如果是，那么为什么 SELECT 语句不是死锁跟踪的一部分？此外，SELECT 语句发出 NOLOCK 提示 - 你仍然认为它是一个问题吗？
  • NOLOCK 是危险的，而不是您所说的问题。选择没有死锁。答案与问题一样好。抱歉，我无法提供帮助。
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