【问题标题】:Multiple Pieces in a numpy.piecewisenumpy.piecewise 中的多个片段
【发布时间】:2013-10-24 22:53:51
【问题描述】:

我正在学习关于模糊系统的课程,并在我的计算机上学习my notes。这意味着我必须不时在我的电脑上绘制图表。由于这些图的定义非常明确,我觉得用numpy 绘制它们是个好主意(我用 LaTeX 做笔记,而且我在 python shell 上很快,所以我想我可以摆脱这个) .

fuzzy membership functions 的图是高度分段的,例如:

为了绘制这个,我尝试了numpy.piecewise 的以下代码(这给了我一个神秘的错误):

In [295]: a = np.arange(0,5,1)

In [296]: condlist = [[b<=a<b+0.25, b+0.25<=a<b+0.75, b+0.75<=a<b+1] for b in range(3)]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-296-a951e2682357> in <module>()
----> 1 condlist = [[b<=a<b+0.25, b+0.25<=a<b+0.75, b+0.75<=a<b+1] for b in range(3)]

ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()

In [297]: funclist = list(itertools.chain([lambda x:-4*x+1, lambda x: 0, lambda x:4*x+1]*3))

In [298]: np.piecewise(a, condlist, funclist)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-298-41168765ae55> in <module>()
----> 1 np.piecewise(a, condlist, funclist)

/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/lib/function_base.pyc in piecewise(x, condlist, funclist, *args, **kw)
    688     if (n != n2):
    689         raise ValueError(
--> 690                 "function list and condition list must be the same")
    691     zerod = False
    692     # This is a hack to work around problems with NumPy's

ValueError: function list and condition list must be the same

此时,我对如何绘制此函数感到相当困惑。我不太理解错误消息,这进一步阻碍了我调试它的努力。

最终,我希望绘制此函数并将其导出到 EPS 文件中,因此我也希望能在这些方面提供任何帮助。

【问题讨论】:

  • 尝试打破链式条件,astackoverflow.com/questions/10377096/…
  • @Zhenya 说了什么。例如。 b &lt;= a &lt; b + 0.25 必须写成(b &lt;= a) &amp; (a &lt; b + 0.25)

标签: python numpy plot piecewise


【解决方案1】:

一般来说,numpy 数组非常擅长做一些明智的事情,当你把代码当作数字来编写时。链接比较是罕见的例外之一。您看到的错误本质上是这样的(被piecewise internals 和 ipython 错误格式混淆了一点):

>>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> 1.5 < a
array([False,  True,  True], dtype=bool)
>>> 
>>> 1.5 < a < 2.5
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()
>>> 
>>> (1.5 < a) & (a < 2.5)
array([False,  True, False], dtype=bool)
>>> 

您也可以使用np.logical_and,但按位and 在这里可以正常工作。

就绘图而言,numpy 本身不做任何事情。这是一个使用 matplotlib 的示例:

>>> import numpy as np
>>> def piecew(x):
...   conds = [x < 0, (x > 0) & (x < 1), (x > 1) & (x < 2), x > 2]
...   funcs = [lambda x: x+1, lambda x: 1, 
...            lambda x: -x + 2., lambda x: (x-2)**2]
...   return np.piecewise(x, conds, funcs)
>>>
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> xx = np.linspace(-0.5, 3.1, 100)
>>> plt.plot(xx, piecew(xx))
>>> plt.show() # or plt.savefig('foo.eps')

请注意,piecewise 是一头反复无常的野兽。特别是,它需要它的x 参数是一个数组,如果不是,甚至不会尝试转换它(用numpy 的说法:x 需要是ndarray,而不是@987654331 @):

>>> piecew(2.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 4, in piecew
  File "/home/br/.local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/lib/function_base.py", line 690, in piecewise
    "function list and condition list must be the same")
ValueError: function list and condition list must be the same
>>> 
>>> piecew(np.asarray([2.1]))
array([ 0.01])

【讨论】:

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