要回答我们应该使用哪种索引的问题,我们可以创建一个简单的测试。首先,我们创建一个数据库、表和索引。
CREATE DATABASE index_test;
CREATE TABLE single_column(a int, b int, c int);
CREATE TABLE multi_column(a int, b int, c int);
CREATE INDEX single_column_a_idx ON single_column (a);
CREATE INDEX single_column_b_idx ON single_column (b);
CREATE INDEX single_column_c_idx ON single_column (c);
CREATE INDEX multi_column_idx ON multi_column (a, b, c);
用随机数据填充表格。
-- this function will be used for random number generation
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION random_in_range(INTEGER, INTEGER) RETURNS INTEGER AS $$
SELECT floor(($1 + ($2 - $1 + 1) * random()))::INTEGER;
$$ LANGUAGE SQL;
INSERT INTO single_column(a, b, c)
SELECT random_in_range(1, 100),
random_in_range(1, 100),
random_in_range(1, 100)
FROM generate_series(1, 1000000);
INSERT INTO multi_column(a, b, c)
SELECT random_in_range(1, 100),
random_in_range(1, 100),
random_in_range(1, 100)
FROM generate_series(1, 1000000);
运行测试。
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM single_column WHERE a < 3;
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM single_column WHERE b < 3;
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM single_column WHERE c < 3;
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM multi_column WHERE a < 3;
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM multi_column WHERE b < 3;
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM multi_column WHERE c < 3;
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM single_column WHERE a < 3 AND b > 10 AND c <= 11;
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM multi_column WHERE a < 3 AND b > 10 AND c <= 11;
结果
index_test=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM single_column WHERE a < 3;
QUERY PLAN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bitmap Heap Scan on single_column (cost=3925.39..13926.49 rows=367608 width=12) (actual time=5.802..44.904 rows=20070 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (a < 3)
Heap Blocks: exact=5269
-> Bitmap Index Scan on single_column_a_idx (cost=0.00..3833.49 rows=367608 width=0) (actual time=4.018..4.019 rows=20070 loops=1)
Index Cond: (a < 3)
Planning Time: 0.325 ms
Execution Time: 46.589 ms
(7 rows)
index_test=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM single_column WHERE b < 3;
QUERY PLAN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bitmap Heap Scan on single_column (cost=3925.39..13926.49 rows=367608 width=12) (actual time=6.630..26.814 rows=19902 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (b < 3)
Heap Blocks: exact=5296
-> Bitmap Index Scan on single_column_b_idx (cost=0.00..3833.49 rows=367608 width=0) (actual time=4.852..4.853 rows=19902 loops=1)
Index Cond: (b < 3)
Planning Time: 0.270 ms
Execution Time: 28.762 ms
(7 rows)
index_test=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM single_column WHERE c < 3;
QUERY PLAN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bitmap Heap Scan on single_column (cost=3925.39..13926.49 rows=367608 width=12) (actual time=5.896..25.304 rows=19946 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (c < 3)
Heap Blocks: exact=5274
-> Bitmap Index Scan on single_column_c_idx (cost=0.00..3833.49 rows=367608 width=0) (actual time=4.125..4.126 rows=19946 loops=1)
Index Cond: (c < 3)
Planning Time: 0.270 ms
Execution Time: 27.136 ms
(7 rows)
index_test=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM multi_column WHERE a < 3;
QUERY PLAN
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bitmap Heap Scan on multi_column (cost=8569.39..18570.49 rows=367608 width=12) (actual time=7.760..67.173 rows=19938 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: (a < 3)
Heap Blocks: exact=5267
-> Bitmap Index Scan on multi_column_idx (cost=0.00..8477.49 rows=367608 width=0) (actual time=6.008..6.008 rows=19938 loops=1)
Index Cond: (a < 3)
Planning Time: 0.564 ms
Execution Time: 68.630 ms
(7 rows)
index_test=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM multi_column WHERE b < 3;
QUERY PLAN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gather (cost=1000.00..13481.03 rows=18667 width=12) (actual time=1.451..135.028 rows=19897 loops=1)
Workers Planned: 2
Workers Launched: 2
-> Parallel Seq Scan on multi_column (cost=0.00..10614.33 rows=7778 width=12) (actual time=0.038..61.993 rows=6632 loops=3)
Filter: (b < 3)
Rows Removed by Filter: 326701
Planning Time: 1.123 ms
Execution Time: 136.128 ms
(8 rows)
index_test=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM multi_column WHERE c < 3;
QUERY PLAN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gather (cost=1000.00..13627.63 rows=20133 width=12) (actual time=0.957..135.119 rows=19860 loops=1)
Workers Planned: 2
Workers Launched: 2
-> Parallel Seq Scan on multi_column (cost=0.00..10614.33 rows=8389 width=12) (actual time=0.035..66.760 rows=6620 loops=3)
Filter: (c < 3)
Rows Removed by Filter: 326713
Planning Time: 0.225 ms
Execution Time: 136.239 ms
(8 rows)
index_test=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM single_column WHERE a < 3 AND b > 10 AND c <= 11;
QUERY PLAN
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bitmap Heap Scan on single_column (cost=1424.66..5716.83 rows=2110 width=12) (actual time=21.694..26.123 rows=2000 loops=1)
Recheck Cond: ((a < 3) AND (c <= 11))
Filter: (b > 10)
Rows Removed by Filter: 230
Heap Blocks: exact=1833
-> BitmapAnd (cost=1424.66..1424.66 rows=2338 width=0) (actual time=20.981..20.983 rows=0 loops=1)
-> Bitmap Index Scan on single_column_a_idx (cost=0.00..230.43 rows=21067 width=0) (actual time=3.932..3.932 rows=20070 loops=1)
Index Cond: (a < 3)
-> Bitmap Index Scan on single_column_c_idx (cost=0.00..1192.92 rows=111000 width=0) (actual time=16.080..16.080 rows=110276 loops=1)
Index Cond: (c <= 11)
Planning Time: 1.812 ms
Execution Time: 26.742 ms
(12 rows)
index_test=# EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM multi_column WHERE a < 3 AND b > 10 AND c <= 11;
QUERY PLAN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Index Only Scan using multi_column_idx on multi_column (cost=0.42..642.38 rows=2071 width=12) (actual time=0.329..2.086 rows=1953 loops=1)
Index Cond: ((a < 3) AND (b > 10) AND (c <= 11))
Heap Fetches: 0
Planning Time: 0.176 ms
Execution Time: 2.165 ms
(5 rows)
结论
-
single_column 表在任何情况下都将始终使用索引。
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM single_column WHERE a < 3; -- index used
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM single_column WHERE b < 3; -- index used
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM single_column WHERE c < 3; -- index used
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM single_column WHERE a < 3 AND b > 10 AND c <= 11; -- index used
- 对
multi_column 表执行单列WHERE,仅当查询中的列与索引定义中的第一列相同时才会使用索引。
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM multi_column WHERE a < 3; -- index used
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM multi_column WHERE b < 3; -- index not used
EXPLAIN ANALYZE SELECT * FROM multi_column WHERE c < 3; -- index not used
- 虽然
single_column 表可以在多列WHERE 上使用索引,但multi_column 表更快。
- 虽然
multi_column 表可以在单列WHERE 上使用索引,但single_column 表更快。