让我们先看看实际的language definition:
5.1.1.2 翻译阶段
1 翻译的语法规则之间的优先级由以下指定
6)
- 物理源文件多字节字符被映射,在实现定义
方式,到源字符集(引入换行符
行尾指示符)(如有必要)。三字母序列被替换为
对应的单字符内部表示。
- 反斜杠字符 (
\) 的每个实例都紧跟一个换行符
字符被删除,拼接物理源行以形成逻辑源行。
只有任何物理源行上的最后一个反斜杠才有资格成为一部分
这样的拼接。非空源文件应以换行符结尾,
在任何此类之前不应紧跟反斜杠字符
发生拼接。
- 源文件被分解为预处理标记7)和序列
空白字符(包括 cmets)。源文件不应以
部分预处理标记或部分注释。每条评论都替换为
一个空格字符。保留换行符。是否每个非空
除换行符以外的空白字符序列被保留或替换为
一个空格字符是实现定义的。
- 预处理指令被执行,宏调用被扩展,并且
_Pragma 一元运算符表达式被执行。如果一个字符序列
匹配通用字符的语法名称由令牌产生
连接(6.10.3.3),行为未定义。 一个#include预处理
指令使命名的头文件或源文件从阶段 1 开始处理
通过第 4 阶段,递归。 然后删除所有预处理指令。
- 每个源字符集成员和字符常量中的转义序列和
字符串字面量被转换为执行字符的对应成员
放;如果没有对应的成员,则转换为实现定义
非空(宽)字符的成员。8)
- 连接相邻的字符串文字标记。
- 分隔标记的空白字符不再重要。每个
预处理令牌转换为令牌。结果令牌是
句法和语义上的分析和翻译作为一个翻译单元。
- 已解析所有外部对象和函数引用。库组件是
链接以满足对未定义的函数和对象的外部引用
当前翻译。所有此类翻译器输出都收集到程序映像中
其中包含在其执行环境中执行所需的信息。
6) 实现应该表现得好像这些单独的阶段发生了一样,即使许多阶段通常是折叠的
一起实践。源文件、翻译单元和翻译的翻译单元不需要
必须存储为文件,也不需要这些实体之间存在任何一一对应关系
和任何外部代表。描述只是概念性的,并没有具体说明
具体实现。
7) 如 6.4 所述,将源文件的字符划分为预处理标记的过程是
上下文相关。例如,请参阅 #include 预处理指令中对 < 的处理。
8) 实现不需要将所有不对应的源字符转换为相同的执行
特点。
...
6.10.2 源文件包含
约束
1 #include 指令应标识可由
实施。
语义
2 形式为
# include <<em>h-char-sequence</em>> <em>new-line</em>
的预处理指令
在一系列实现定义的位置中搜索由唯一标识的标头
< 和 > 分隔符之间的指定序列,并且 导致替换
由标头的全部内容指示。如何指定地点或标题
标识是实现定义的。
添加了重点。这意味着预处理器将获取源文件
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
printf("Hello World");
}
然后生成文本
/* preprocessed contents of stdio.h here */
main()
{
printf("Hello World");
}
直接提供给编译器。这是我系统上的一个示例(SLES 10,gcc 4.1.2):
/* hello.c */
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("Hello, stupid\n");
return 0;
}
预处理器输出(gcc -E),稍微重新格式化,准备滚动一会儿:
# 1 "hello.c"
# 1 "<built-in>"
# 1 "<command line>"
# 1 "hello.c"
# 1 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 1 3 4
# 28 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/features.h" 1 3 4
# 323 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 1 3 4
# 313 "/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 314 "/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h" 2 3 4
# 324 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4
# 346 "/usr/include/features.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h" 1 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 5 "/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/gnu/stubs-64.h" 1 3 4
# 10 "/usr/include/gnu/stubs.h" 2 3 4
# 347 "/usr/include/features.h" 2 3 4
# 29 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/lib64/gcc/x86_64-suse-linux/4.1.2/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4
# 214 "/usr/lib64/gcc/x86_64-suse-linux/4.1.2/include/stddef.h" 3 4
typedef long unsigned int size_t;
# 35 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 1 3 4
# 28 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wordsize.h" 1 3 4
# 29 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/lib64/gcc/x86_64-suse-linux/4.1.2/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4
# 32 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 2 3 4
typedef unsigned char __u_char;
typedef unsigned short int __u_short;
typedef unsigned int __u_int;
typedef unsigned long int __u_long;
typedef signed char __int8_t;
typedef unsigned char __uint8_t;
typedef signed short int __int16_t;
typedef unsigned short int __uint16_t;
typedef signed int __int32_t;
typedef unsigned int __uint32_t;
typedef signed long int __int64_t;
typedef unsigned long int __uint64_t;
typedef long int __quad_t;
typedef unsigned long int __u_quad_t;
# 134 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/typesizes.h" 1 3 4
# 135 "/usr/include/bits/types.h" 2 3 4
typedef unsigned long int __dev_t;
typedef unsigned int __uid_t;
typedef unsigned int __gid_t;
typedef unsigned long int __ino_t;
typedef unsigned long int __ino64_t;
typedef unsigned int __mode_t;
typedef unsigned long int __nlink_t;
typedef long int __off_t;
typedef long int __off64_t;
typedef int __pid_t;
typedef struct { int __val[2]; } __fsid_t;
typedef long int __clock_t;
typedef unsigned long int __rlim_t;
typedef unsigned long int __rlim64_t;
typedef unsigned int __id_t;
typedef long int __time_t;
typedef unsigned int __useconds_t;
typedef long int __suseconds_t;
typedef int __daddr_t;
typedef long int __swblk_t;
typedef int __key_t;
typedef int __clockid_t;
typedef void * __timer_t;
typedef long int __blksize_t;
typedef long int __blkcnt_t;
typedef long int __blkcnt64_t;
typedef unsigned long int __fsblkcnt_t;
typedef unsigned long int __fsblkcnt64_t;
typedef unsigned long int __fsfilcnt_t;
typedef unsigned long int __fsfilcnt64_t;
typedef long int __ssize_t;
typedef __off64_t __loff_t;
typedef __quad_t *__qaddr_t;
typedef char *__caddr_t;
typedef long int __intptr_t;
typedef unsigned int __socklen_t;
# 37 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
typedef struct _IO_FILE FILE;
# 62 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
typedef struct _IO_FILE __FILE;
# 72 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/libio.h" 1 3 4
# 32 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 1 3 4
# 14 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/lib64/gcc/x86_64-suse-linux/4.1.2/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4
# 326 "/usr/lib64/gcc/x86_64-suse-linux/4.1.2/include/stddef.h" 3 4
typedef int wchar_t;
# 355 "/usr/lib64/gcc/x86_64-suse-linux/4.1.2/include/stddef.h" 3 4
typedef unsigned int wint_t;
# 15 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 2 3 4
# 24 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 1 3 4
# 48 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/lib64/gcc/x86_64-suse-linux/4.1.2/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4
# 49 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/wchar.h" 1 3 4
# 51 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 2 3 4
# 76 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 3 4
typedef struct
{
int __count;
union
{
wint_t __wch;
char __wchb[4];
} __value;
} __mbstate_t;
# 25 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 2 3 4
typedef struct
{
__off_t __pos;
__mbstate_t __state;
} _G_fpos_t;
typedef struct
{
__off64_t __pos;
__mbstate_t __state;
} _G_fpos64_t;
# 44 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/gconv.h" 1 3 4
# 28 "/usr/include/gconv.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 1 3 4
# 48 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/lib64/gcc/x86_64-suse-linux/4.1.2/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4
# 49 "/usr/include/wchar.h" 2 3 4
# 29 "/usr/include/gconv.h" 2 3 4
# 1 "/usr/lib64/gcc/x86_64-suse-linux/4.1.2/include/stddef.h" 1 3 4
# 32 "/usr/include/gconv.h" 2 3 4
enum
{
__GCONV_OK = 0,
__GCONV_NOCONV,
__GCONV_NODB,
__GCONV_NOMEM,
__GCONV_EMPTY_INPUT,
__GCONV_FULL_OUTPUT,
__GCONV_ILLEGAL_INPUT,
__GCONV_INCOMPLETE_INPUT,
__GCONV_ILLEGAL_DESCRIPTOR,
__GCONV_INTERNAL_ERROR
};
enum
{
__GCONV_IS_LAST = 0x0001,
__GCONV_IGNORE_ERRORS = 0x0002
};
struct __gconv_step;
struct __gconv_step_data;
struct __gconv_loaded_object;
struct __gconv_trans_data;
typedef int (*__gconv_fct) (struct __gconv_step *, struct __gconv_step_data *,
__const unsigned char **, __const unsigned char *,
unsigned char **, size_t *, int, int);
typedef wint_t (*__gconv_btowc_fct) (struct __gconv_step *, unsigned char);
typedef int (*__gconv_init_fct) (struct __gconv_step *);
typedef void (*__gconv_end_fct) (struct __gconv_step *);
typedef int (*__gconv_trans_fct) (struct __gconv_step *,
struct __gconv_step_data *, void *,
__const unsigned char *,
__const unsigned char **,
__const unsigned char *, unsigned char **,
size_t *);
typedef int (*__gconv_trans_context_fct) (void *, __const unsigned char *,
__const unsigned char *,
unsigned char *, unsigned char *);
typedef int (*__gconv_trans_query_fct) (__const char *, __const char ***,
size_t *);
typedef int (*__gconv_trans_init_fct) (void **, const char *);
typedef void (*__gconv_trans_end_fct) (void *);
struct __gconv_trans_data
{
__gconv_trans_fct __trans_fct;
__gconv_trans_context_fct __trans_context_fct;
__gconv_trans_end_fct __trans_end_fct;
void *__data;
struct __gconv_trans_data *__next;
};
struct __gconv_step
{
struct __gconv_loaded_object *__shlib_handle;
__const char *__modname;
int __counter;
char *__from_name;
char *__to_name;
__gconv_fct __fct;
__gconv_btowc_fct __btowc_fct;
__gconv_init_fct __init_fct;
__gconv_end_fct __end_fct;
int __min_needed_from;
int __max_needed_from;
int __min_needed_to;
int __max_needed_to;
int __stateful;
void *__data;
};
struct __gconv_step_data
{
unsigned char *__outbuf;
unsigned char *__outbufend;
int __flags;
int __invocation_counter;
int __internal_use;
__mbstate_t *__statep;
__mbstate_t __state;
struct __gconv_trans_data *__trans;
};
typedef struct __gconv_info
{
size_t __nsteps;
struct __gconv_step *__steps;
__extension__ struct __gconv_step_data __data [];
} *__gconv_t;
# 45 "/usr/include/_G_config.h" 2 3 4
typedef union
{
struct __gconv_info __cd;
struct
{
struct __gconv_info __cd;
struct __gconv_step_data __data;
} __combined;
} _G_iconv_t;
typedef int _G_int16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__)));
typedef int _G_int32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)));
typedef unsigned int _G_uint16_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__HI__)));
typedef unsigned int _G_uint32_t __attribute__ ((__mode__ (__SI__)));
# 33 "/usr/include/libio.h" 2 3 4
# 53 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/lib64/gcc/x86_64-suse-linux/4.1.2/include/stdarg.h" 1 3 4
# 43 "/usr/lib64/gcc/x86_64-suse-linux/4.1.2/include/stdarg.h" 3 4
typedef __builtin_va_list __gnuc_va_list;
# 54 "/usr/include/libio.h" 2 3 4
# 167 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
struct _IO_jump_t; struct _IO_FILE;
# 177 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
typedef void _IO_lock_t;
struct _IO_marker {
struct _IO_marker *_next;
struct _IO_FILE *_sbuf;
int _pos;
# 200 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
};
enum __codecvt_result
{
__codecvt_ok,
__codecvt_partial,
__codecvt_error,
__codecvt_noconv
};
# 268 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
struct _IO_FILE {
int _flags;
char* _IO_read_ptr;
char* _IO_read_end;
char* _IO_read_base;
char* _IO_write_base;
char* _IO_write_ptr;
char* _IO_write_end;
char* _IO_buf_base;
char* _IO_buf_end;
char *_IO_save_base;
char *_IO_backup_base;
char *_IO_save_end;
struct _IO_marker *_markers;
struct _IO_FILE *_chain;
int _fileno;
int _flags2;
__off_t _old_offset;
unsigned short _cur_column;
signed char _vtable_offset;
char _shortbuf[1];
_IO_lock_t *_lock;
# 316 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
__off64_t _offset;
# 325 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
void *__pad1;
void *__pad2;
void *__pad3;
void *__pad4;
size_t __pad5;
int _mode;
char _unused2[15 * sizeof (int) - 4 * sizeof (void *) - sizeof (size_t)];
};
typedef struct _IO_FILE _IO_FILE;
struct _IO_FILE_plus;
extern struct _IO_FILE_plus _IO_2_1_stdin_;
extern struct _IO_FILE_plus _IO_2_1_stdout_;
extern struct _IO_FILE_plus _IO_2_1_stderr_;
# 361 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
typedef __ssize_t __io_read_fn (void *__cookie, char *__buf, size_t __nbytes);
typedef __ssize_t __io_write_fn (void *__cookie, __const char *__buf,
size_t __n);
typedef int __io_seek_fn (void *__cookie, __off64_t *__pos, int __w);
typedef int __io_close_fn (void *__cookie);
# 413 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
extern int __underflow (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern int __uflow (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern int __overflow (_IO_FILE *, int) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern wint_t __wunderflow (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern wint_t __wuflow (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern wint_t __woverflow (_IO_FILE *, wint_t) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
# 451 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
extern int _IO_getc (_IO_FILE *__fp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern int _IO_putc (int __c, _IO_FILE *__fp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern int _IO_feof (_IO_FILE *__fp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern int _IO_ferror (_IO_FILE *__fp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern int _IO_peekc_locked (_IO_FILE *__fp) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern void _IO_flockfile (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern void _IO_funlockfile (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern int _IO_ftrylockfile (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
# 481 "/usr/include/libio.h" 3 4
extern int _IO_vfscanf (_IO_FILE * __restrict, const char * __restrict,
__gnuc_va_list, int *__restrict);
extern int _IO_vfprintf (_IO_FILE *__restrict, const char *__restrict,
__gnuc_va_list);
extern __ssize_t _IO_padn (_IO_FILE *, int, __ssize_t) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern size_t _IO_sgetn (_IO_FILE *, void *, size_t) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern __off64_t _IO_seekoff (_IO_FILE *, __off64_t, int, int) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern __off64_t _IO_seekpos (_IO_FILE *, __off64_t, int) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern void _IO_free_backup_area (_IO_FILE *) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
# 73 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
# 86 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
typedef _G_fpos_t fpos_t;
# 138 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/stdio_lim.h" 1 3 4
# 139 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
extern struct _IO_FILE *stdin;
extern struct _IO_FILE *stdout;
extern struct _IO_FILE *stderr;
extern int remove (__const char *__filename) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern int rename (__const char *__old, __const char *__new) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern FILE *tmpfile (void);
# 185 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern char *tmpnam (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern char *tmpnam_r (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
# 203 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern char *tempnam (__const char *__dir, __const char *__pfx)
__attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__malloc__));
extern int fclose (FILE *__stream);
extern int fflush (FILE *__stream);
# 228 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fflush_unlocked (FILE *__stream);
# 228 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fflush_unlocked (FILE *__stream);
# 242 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern FILE *fopen (__const char *__restrict __filename,
__const char *__restrict __modes);
extern FILE *freopen (__const char *__restrict __filename,
__const char *__restrict __modes,
FILE *__restrict __stream);
# 269 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 280 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern FILE *fdopen (int __fd, __const char *__modes) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
# 306 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern void setbuf (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern int setvbuf (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf,
int __modes, size_t __n) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern void setbuffer (FILE *__restrict __stream, char *__restrict __buf,
size_t __size) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern void setlinebuf (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern int fprintf (FILE *__restrict __stream,
__const char *__restrict __format, ...);
extern int printf (__const char *__restrict __format, ...);
extern int sprintf (char *__restrict __s,
__const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern int vfprintf (FILE *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format,
__gnuc_va_list __arg);
extern int vprintf (__const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg);
extern int vsprintf (char *__restrict __s, __const char *__restrict __format,
__gnuc_va_list __arg) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern int snprintf (char *__restrict __s, size_t __maxlen,
__const char *__restrict __format, ...)
__attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 4)));
extern int vsnprintf (char *__restrict __s, size_t __maxlen,
__const char *__restrict __format, __gnuc_va_list __arg)
__attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) __attribute__ ((__format__ (__printf__, 3, 0)));
# 400 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fscanf (FILE *__restrict __stream,
__const char *__restrict __format, ...) ;
extern int scanf (__const char *__restrict __format, ...) ;
extern int sscanf (__const char *__restrict __s,
__const char *__restrict __format, ...) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
# 442 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fgetc (FILE *__stream);
extern int getc (FILE *__stream);
extern int getchar (void);
# 466 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int getc_unlocked (FILE *__stream);
extern int getchar_unlocked (void);
# 477 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fgetc_unlocked (FILE *__stream);
extern int fputc (int __c, FILE *__stream);
extern int putc (int __c, FILE *__stream);
extern int putchar (int __c);
# 510 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fputc_unlocked (int __c, FILE *__stream);
extern int putc_unlocked (int __c, FILE *__stream);
extern int putchar_unlocked (int __c);
extern int getw (FILE *__stream);
extern int putw (int __w, FILE *__stream);
extern char *fgets (char *__restrict __s, int __n, FILE *__restrict __stream)
;
extern char *gets (char *__s) ;
# 591 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fputs (__const char *__restrict __s, FILE *__restrict __stream);
extern int puts (__const char *__s);
extern int ungetc (int __c, FILE *__stream);
extern size_t fread (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,
size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) ;
extern size_t fwrite (__const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,
size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __s) ;
# 644 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern size_t fread_unlocked (void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,
size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) ;
extern size_t fwrite_unlocked (__const void *__restrict __ptr, size_t __size,
size_t __n, FILE *__restrict __stream) ;
extern int fseek (FILE *__stream, long int __off, int __whence);
extern long int ftell (FILE *__stream) ;
extern void rewind (FILE *__stream);
# 680 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fseeko (FILE *__stream, __off_t __off, int __whence);
extern __off_t ftello (FILE *__stream) ;
# 699 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern int fgetpos (FILE *__restrict __stream, fpos_t *__restrict __pos);
extern int fsetpos (FILE *__stream, __const fpos_t *__pos);
# 722 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 731 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern void clearerr (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern int feof (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;
extern int ferror (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;
extern void clearerr_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern int feof_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;
extern int ferror_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;
extern void perror (__const char *__s);
# 1 "/usr/include/bits/sys_errlist.h" 1 3 4
# 27 "/usr/include/bits/sys_errlist.h" 3 4
extern int sys_nerr;
extern __const char *__const sys_errlist[];
# 761 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 2 3 4
extern int fileno (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;
extern int fileno_unlocked (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;
# 780 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern FILE *popen (__const char *__command, __const char *__modes) ;
extern int pclose (FILE *__stream);
extern char *ctermid (char *__s) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
# 820 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
extern void flockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
extern int ftrylockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__)) ;
extern void funlockfile (FILE *__stream) __attribute__ ((__nothrow__));
# 850 "/usr/include/stdio.h" 3 4
# 2 "hello.c" 2
int main(void)
{
printf("Hello, stupid\n");
return 0;
}
然后将预处理器阶段的输出馈送到解析器(阶段 7);预处理器输出是否在输入解析器之前保存到临时文件中取决于实现。
注意stdio.h包含其他头文件(features.h、types.h、libio.h等),可能依次包含其他头文件。结果输出是这些头文件中指定的所有类型定义和外部(非定义)函数和对象声明的污泥。
没有污泥最终出现在实际的目标文件中;对象文件中唯一占用空间的是函数和对象定义,例如您的 main 函数体、字符串字面量和 printf 的实现(以及任何其他操作系统需要对象和机器代码才能使其成为可运行的程序)。
鉴于简单的main() 编译没有问题,您显然使用的是C89 或更早版本的编译器,它允许隐式int 声明; IOW,如果编译器看到一个没有相应声明的函数调用,或者一个没有类型说明符的函数定义,它假定函数返回int。由于printf 返回int,您的没有stdio.h 的版本编译和链接没有问题。如果您使用的是 C99 或更高版本的编译器,或者调用了 not 返回 int 的库函数,您将在编译时得到诊断。