你可以试试这样的。 UpToN 类型在这里是一个模板参数,但您可以将其更改为 size_t。我这样做是因为 unsigned long long 可能大于 size_t。为简单起见,此版本仅生成无符号类型。
这个元程序遍历一个无符号整数类型列表,将 upto_n 转换为候选类型 (Try_t),然后返回到 upto_n 的类型 (Max_t) 并检查它是否与原始 upto_n 相等。
如果强制转换保持这种相等性并且 Try_t 的大小小于或等于 Best_t 的大小,则迭代继续以 Try_t 替换 Best_t。
unsigned char 特化通过候选类型终止迭代。
#include <iostream>
template <typename T> struct next_t {};
template <> struct next_t<unsigned long long> { typedef unsigned long type; };
template <> struct next_t<unsigned long> { typedef unsigned int type; };
template <> struct next_t<unsigned int> { typedef unsigned short type; };
template <> struct next_t<unsigned short> { typedef unsigned char type; };
template <typename Max_t, Max_t upto_n, typename Best_t=Max_t, typename Try_t=unsigned long long, bool try_is_better = (sizeof(Try_t) <= sizeof(Best_t) && upto_n == Max_t(Try_t(upto_n)))>
struct tight_int {
typedef typename tight_int<Max_t, upto_n, Best_t, typename next_t<Try_t>::type>::type type;
};
template <typename Max_t, Max_t upto_n, typename Best_t, typename Try_t>
struct tight_int<Max_t, upto_n, Best_t, Try_t, true> {
typedef typename tight_int<Max_t, upto_n, Try_t, typename next_t<Try_t>::type>::type type;
};
template <typename Max_t, Max_t upto_n, typename Best_t>
struct tight_int<Max_t, upto_n, Best_t, unsigned char, true> {
typedef unsigned char type;
};
template <typename Max_t, Max_t upto_n, typename Best_t>
struct tight_int<Max_t, upto_n, Best_t, unsigned char, false> {
typedef Best_t type;
};
int main() {
typedef tight_int<size_t, 255>::type tight_255_t;
typedef tight_int<size_t, 256>::type tight_256_t;
typedef tight_int<size_t, 65535>::type tight_65535_t;
typedef tight_int<size_t, 65536>::type tight_65536_t;
std::cout << "255 : " << sizeof(tight_255_t) << std::endl;
std::cout << "256 : " << sizeof(tight_256_t) << std::endl;
std::cout << "65535 : " << sizeof(tight_65535_t) << std::endl;
std::cout << "65536 : " << sizeof(tight_65536_t) << std::endl;
}
这段代码使用帮助类 next_t 来减少tight_int 的特化计数。但是,tight_int 仍然有 4 个特化(如果我们算上默认定义)。
我们可以通过引入一个辅助类将专业化计数减少一半,该类可以根据布尔参数 try_is_better 在类型 Try_t 和 Best_t 之间进行选择。结果被传递给下一次迭代的 Best_t。此更改将为我们留下最小的特化计数:默认定义(处理所有非特化类型)和处理 unsigned char 的迭代终止特化。不幸的是,这种优化会影响可读性,并且往往会掩盖元程序背后的机制。
对于下面的版本,新的帮助类 type_sel 替换了tight_int 对 try_is_better true 和 false 的特化。你可能会注意到模板参数列表语法真的开始失控了:
template <typename T> struct next_t {};
template <> struct next_t<unsigned long long> { typedef unsigned long type; };
template <> struct next_t<unsigned long> { typedef unsigned int type; };
template <> struct next_t<unsigned int> { typedef unsigned short type; };
template <> struct next_t<unsigned short> { typedef unsigned char type; };
// helper class type_sel which selects one of two types based on a static bool
template <bool, typename True_t, typename False_t>
struct type_sel { typedef True_t type; };
template <typename True_t, typename False_t>
struct type_sel<false, True_t, False_t> { typedef False_t type; };
// default definition of tight_int, handling all Try_t except unsigned char
template <typename Max_t, Max_t upto_n, typename Best_t = Max_t,
typename Try_t = unsigned long long,
bool try_is_better=(sizeof(Try_t)<=sizeof(Best_t) && upto_n==Max_t(Try_t(upto_n)))>
struct tight_int {
typedef typename tight_int<Max_t, upto_n,
typename type_sel<try_is_better, Try_t, Best_t>::type,
typename next_t<Try_t>::type>::type type;
};
// unsigned char specialization of tight_int terminates iteration through types
template <typename Max_t, Max_t upto_n, typename Best_t, bool try_is_better>
struct tight_int<Max_t, upto_n, Best_t, unsigned char, try_is_better> {
typedef typename type_sel<try_is_better, unsigned char, Best_t>::type type;
};
我仍然不喜欢的一件事是实现类型列表的蹩脚方式(如 next_t)。我不喜欢每个类型需要被指定两次:作为一个专门的模板参数和作为 next_type::type。相反,我们可以使用一个嵌套自己的类来形成一个类型列表。下面,Try_t 被 Trylist_t 取代。新的帮助类 tpair 将自身嵌套在模板类型参数中以形成类型的迭代列表。现在可以用一行来定义类型列表,例如:
tpair<unsigned long long, tpair<unsigned long, tpair<unsigned int, ... > >
而且这个类型列表类可以在其他地方使用来构建其他类型的列表。 (请记住,我们是规范绑定到 C++03,所以可变参数模板参数列表不可用。)
所以这是下一个版本,带有一个 tpair 类型列表。我没有打扰模板参数列表中的换行符,因为它现在完全不可读:
template <typename My_t, typename Next_t=void>
struct tpair { typedef My_t type; typedef Next_t next_tpair; } ;
template <bool, typename True_t, typename False_t>
struct type_sel { typedef True_t type; };
template <typename True_t, typename False_t>
struct type_sel<false, True_t, False_t> { typedef False_t type; };
template <typename Max_t, Max_t upto_n, typename Best_t = Max_t, typename Trylist_t = tpair<unsigned long long, tpair<unsigned long, tpair<unsigned int, tpair<unsigned short, tpair<unsigned char> > > > >, bool try_is_better=(sizeof(Trylist_t::type)<=sizeof(Best_t) && upto_n==Max_t((typename Trylist_t::type) upto_n))>
struct tight_int {
typedef typename tight_int<Max_t, upto_n, typename type_sel<try_is_better, typename Trylist_t::type, Best_t>::type, typename Trylist_t::next_tpair>::type type;
};
template <typename Max_t, Max_t upto_n, typename Best_t, bool try_is_better>
struct tight_int<Max_t, upto_n, Best_t, typename tpair<unsigned char>, try_is_better> {
typedef typename type_sel<try_is_better, unsigned char, Best_t>::type type;
};