【发布时间】:2015-11-16 02:00:40
【问题描述】:
标题描述了我在尝试解决更一般的问题时遇到的一个具体问题:如何将类型转换关注点与计算关注点分开。如果我可以通过部分应用函数以外的其他方式解决这个更大的问题,那就太好了!
我使用类型类 NumberOps 来表示对数字的操作。此代码已配对,但仍然存在问题并表达了我的意图。第一部分简单地定义了类型类和几个实现。
trait NumberOps[T] { // the type class (simplified for debugging)
def neg(x: T): T // negate x
def abs(x: T): T // absolute value of x
// ... over 50 more operations
def toFloating(x:T):AnyVal // convert from native to Float or Double, preserving precision
def fromFloating(f:AnyVal):T // convert from Float or Double to native
// ... also to/from Integral and to/from Big
}
object NumberOps { // Implements NumberOps for each type
import language.implicitConversions
implicit object FloatOps extends NumberOps[Float] {
def neg(x: Float): Float = -x
def abs(x: Float): Float = x.abs
def toFloating(f:Float):Float = f
def fromFloating(x:AnyVal):Float = {
x match {
case f:Float => f
case d:Double => d.toFloat
}
}
}
implicit object DoubleOps extends NumberOps[Double] {
def neg(x: Double): Double = -x
def abs(x: Double): Double = x.abs
def toFloating(d:Double):Double = d
def fromFloating(x:AnyVal):Double = {
x match {
case f:Float => f.toDouble
case d:Double => d
}
}
}
// ... other implicits defined for all primitive types, plus BigInt, BigDec
} // NumberOps object
一切顺利。但现在我想为复数实现 NumberOps。复数将表示为已定义的任何数值类型的 2 元素数组(即所有基本类型加上 BigInt 和 BigDecimal)。
此代码的目的是避免数字类型与数字运算的组合爆炸。我曾希望通过将关注点 A(类型转换)与关注点 B(通用计算)分开来实现这一点。
您会注意到“关注点 A”包含在 def eval 中,而“关注点 B”被定义为泛型方法 f,然后作为部分应用函数 (f_) 传递给方法 eval。此代码依赖于之前的代码。
object ImaginaryOps { // Implements NumberOps for complex numbers, as 2-element arrays of any numeric type
import language.implicitConversions
import reflect.ClassTag
import NumberOps._
implicit def ComplexOps[U: NumberOps : ClassTag]: NumberOps[Array[U]] = { // NumberOps[T] :: NumberOps[Array[U]]
val numOps = implicitly[NumberOps[U]]
type OpF2[V] = (V,V) => NumberOps[V] => (V,V) // equivalent to curried function: f[V](V,V)(NumberOps[V]):(V,V)
// Concern A: widen x,y from native type U to type V, evaluate function f, then convert the result back to native type U
def eval[V](x:U, y:U)(f:OpF2[V]):(U,U) = {
(numOps.toFloating(x), numOps.toFloating(y), f) match {
case (xf:Float, yf:Float, _:OpF2[Float] @unchecked) => // _:opF @unchecked permits compiler type inference on f
val (xv,yv) = f(xf.asInstanceOf[V], yf.asInstanceOf[V])(FloatOps.asInstanceOf[NumberOps[V]])
(numOps.fromFloating(xv.asInstanceOf[Float]), numOps.fromFloating(yv.asInstanceOf[Float]))
case (xd:Double, yd:Double, _:OpF2[Double] @unchecked) => // _:opF @unchecked permits compiler type inference on f
val (xv,yv) = f(xd.asInstanceOf[V], yd.asInstanceOf[V])(DoubleOps.asInstanceOf[NumberOps[V]])
(numOps.fromFloating(xv.asInstanceOf[Double]), numOps.fromFloating(yv.asInstanceOf[Double]))
}
} // eval
new NumberOps[Array[U]]{ // implement NumberOps for complex numbers of any type U
def neg(a: Array[U]): Array[U] = a match { case (Array(ax, ay)) =>
def f[V](xv:V, yv:V)(no:NumberOps[V]):(V,V) = (no.neg(xv), no.neg(yv)) // Concern B: the complex calculation
val (xu,yu) = eval(a(0), a(1))(f _) // combine Concern A (widening conversion) with Concern B (calculation)
a(0) = xu; a(1) = yu; a
}
def abs(a: Array[U]): Array[U] = a match { case (Array(ax, ay)) =>
def f[V](xv:V, yv:V)(no:NumberOps[V]):(V,V) = (no.abs(xv), no.abs(yv)) // Concern B: the complex calculation
val (xu,yu) = eval(a(0), a(1))(f _) // combine Concern A (widening conversion) with Concern B (calculation)
a(0) = xu; a(1) = yu; a
}
def toFloating(a:Array[U]):AnyVal = numOps.toFloating( a(0) )
def fromFloating(x:AnyVal):Array[U] = Array(numOps.fromFloating(x), numOps.fromFloating(x))
}
} // implicit def ComplexOps
} // ImaginaryOps object
object TestNumberOps {
def cxStr(a:Any) = { a match { case ad: Array[Double] => s"${ad(0)} + ${ad(1)}i" } }
def cxUnary[T:NumberOps](v: T)(unaryOp:T => T): T = {
val ops = implicitly[NumberOps[T]]
unaryOp(v)
}
def main(args:Array[String]) {
println("TestNo4")
import ImaginaryOps._
val complexDoubleOps = implicitly[NumberOps[Array[Double]]]
val complex1 = Array(1.0,1.0)
val neg1 = cxUnary(complex1)(complexDoubleOps.neg _)
val abs1 = cxUnary(neg1)(complexDoubleOps.abs _)
println(s"adz1 = ${cxStr(complex1)}, neg1 = ${cxStr(neg1)}, abs1 = ${cxStr(abs1)}, ")
}
} // TestNumberOps
现在这段代码可以编译,但在运行时我得到一个类转换异常:
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ClassCastException: java.lang.Double cannot be cast to scala.runtime.Nothing$
at ImaginaryOps$$anon$1$$anonfun$1.apply(Experiment4.scala:68)
at ImaginaryOps$.ImaginaryOps$$eval$1(Experiment4.scala:60)
at ImaginaryOps$$anon$1.neg(Experiment4.scala:68)
at TestNumberOps$$anonfun$3.apply(Experiment4.scala:97)
at TestNumberOps$$anonfun$3.apply(Experiment4.scala:97)
at TestNumberOps$.cxUnary(Experiment4.scala:89)
at TestNumberOps$.main(Experiment4.scala:97)
at TestNumberOps.main(Experiment4.scala)
我了解为什么会发生此异常。这是因为编译器无法解析 def f[V] 的类型 V,所以当它作为 (f _) 传递给方法 eval 时,其泛型类型 V 已更改为 scala.runtime.Nothing。
苦苦挣扎,在网上搜索无果后,我希望在这里找到有用的建议。可能我让这变得比现在更难了,但是有了 Scala 的强类型系统,应该有一个解决方案。问题是如何告诉编译器在评估 this 函数时使用 this 类型。
【问题讨论】:
标签: scala classcastexception typeclass generic-programming separation-of-concerns