cx_Freeze 可执行文件不显示 matplotlib 数字

Question

我使用的是 Python 3.5，我能够使用 cx_Freeze 创建一个可执行文件，但是每当我尝试运行可执行文件时，它运行时没有错误，但它无法显示任何 matplotlib 图形。我已将 Tkinter 用于我的 GUI。我尝试将 matplotlib 后端作为 tkinter，但数字仍然没有显示。我无法共享整个代码，因为它很大。请帮忙。

Answer 1

以下示例改编自matplotlib 示例Embedding In Tk 和cx_Freeze 示例Tkinter 适用于我的配置（python 3.6、matplotlib2.2.2、numpy1.14.3+mkl、 cx_Freeze 5.1.1 在 Windows 7 上）。

主脚本main.py:

import tkinter

from matplotlib.backends.backend_tkagg import (
    FigureCanvasTkAgg, NavigationToolbar2Tk)
# Implement the default Matplotlib key bindings.
from matplotlib.backend_bases import key_press_handler
from matplotlib.figure import Figure

import math


root = tkinter.Tk()
root.wm_title("Embedding in Tk")

# Data for plotting
i = range(0, 300)
t = [_i / 100. for _i in i]
s = [2. * math.sin(2. * math.pi * _t) for _t in t]

fig = Figure(figsize=(5, 4), dpi=100)
fig.add_subplot(111).plot(t, s)

canvas = FigureCanvasTkAgg(fig, master=root)  # A tk.DrawingArea.
canvas.draw()
canvas.get_tk_widget().pack(side=tkinter.TOP, fill=tkinter.BOTH, expand=1)

toolbar = NavigationToolbar2Tk(canvas, root)
toolbar.update()
canvas.get_tk_widget().pack(side=tkinter.TOP, fill=tkinter.BOTH, expand=1)


def on_key_press(event):
    print("you pressed {}".format(event.key))
    key_press_handler(event, canvas, toolbar)


canvas.mpl_connect("key_press_event", on_key_press)


def _quit():
    root.quit()     # stops mainloop
    root.destroy()  # this is necessary on Windows to prevent Fatal Python Error: PyEval_RestoreThread: NULL tstate


button = tkinter.Button(master=root, text="Quit", command=_quit)
button.pack(side=tkinter.BOTTOM)

tkinter.mainloop()
# If you put root.destroy() here, it will cause an error if the window is closed with the window manager.

设置脚本setup.py:

import sys
from cx_Freeze import setup, Executable
import os.path

PYTHON_INSTALL_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.__file__))
os.environ['TCL_LIBRARY'] = os.path.join(PYTHON_INSTALL_DIR, 'tcl', 'tcl8.6')
os.environ['TK_LIBRARY'] = os.path.join(PYTHON_INSTALL_DIR, 'tcl', 'tk8.6')

options = {
    'build_exe': {
        'include_files': [
            (os.path.join(PYTHON_INSTALL_DIR, 'DLLs', 'tk86t.dll'), os.path.join('lib', 'tk86t.dll')),
            (os.path.join(PYTHON_INSTALL_DIR, 'DLLs', 'tcl86t.dll'), os.path.join('lib', 'tcl86t.dll'))
         ],
        'packages': ['numpy']
    },
}

base = None
if sys.platform == 'win32':
    base = 'Win32GUI'

executables = [
    Executable('main.py', base=base)
]

setup(name='matplotlib_embedding_in_Tkinter',
      version='0.1',
      description='Sample cx_Freeze matplotlib embedding in Tkinter script',
      options=options,
      executables=executables
      )

解释：

• 要冻结使用Tkinter 和cx_Freeze 的应用程序，需要在设置脚本中设置TCL 和TK 库环境变量，并告诉cx_Freeze 包含相应的DLL，参见KeyError: 'TCL_Library' when I use cx_Freeze .使用cx_Freeze 5.1.1 时需要调整那里描述的解决方案，请参阅Getting "ImportError: DLL load failed: The specified module could not be found" when using cx_Freeze even with tcl86t.dll and tk86t.dll added in。
• numpy 是matplotlib 所必需的，即使应用程序本身没有明确使用numpy，它也需要包含在冻结的应用程序中。为了在使用cx_Freeze 冻结的应用程序中包含numpy，需要将numpy 添加到设置脚本中build_exe 选项的packages 列表中，请参阅Creating cx_Freeze exe with Numpy for Python。