string.ToCharArray() 是字符串类的成员。
string.ToArray()实际上是使用a ToArray() extension of IEnumerable<T>,利用string实现IEnumerable<char>这一事实。
在这两者中,string.ToCharArray() 的性能可能更高。
来自C#参考源码,string.ToCharArray()的实现是:
unsafe public char[] ToCharArray() {
// <
int length = Length;
char[] chars = new char[length];
if (length > 0)
{
fixed (char* src = &this.m_firstChar)
fixed (char* dest = chars) {
wstrcpy(dest, src, length);
}
}
return chars;
}
同样来自C#参考源,IEnumerable<T>.ToArray()的实现是:
public static TSource[] ToArray<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source) {
if (source == null) throw Error.ArgumentNull("source");
return new Buffer<TSource>(source).ToArray();
}
...
struct Buffer<TElement>
{
internal TElement[] items;
internal int count;
internal Buffer(IEnumerable<TElement> source) {
TElement[] items = null;
int count = 0;
ICollection<TElement> collection = source as ICollection<TElement>;
if (collection != null) {
count = collection.Count;
if (count > 0) {
items = new TElement[count];
collection.CopyTo(items, 0);
}
}
else {
foreach (TElement item in source) {
if (items == null) {
items = new TElement[4];
}
else if (items.Length == count) {
TElement[] newItems = new TElement[checked(count * 2)];
Array.Copy(items, 0, newItems, 0, count);
items = newItems;
}
items[count] = item;
count++;
}
}
this.items = items;
this.count = count;
}
internal TElement[] ToArray() {
if (count == 0) return new TElement[0];
if (items.Length == count) return items;
TElement[] result = new TElement[count];
Array.Copy(items, 0, result, 0, count);
return result;
}
}
如您所见,这要复杂得多!
IEnumerable<T>.ToArray() 为什么不使用优化路径?
还有一件事我们需要解释。
如果您检查 Buffer<T> 的实现,您会看到以下优化:
ICollection<TElement> collection = source as ICollection<TElement>;
if (collection != null) {
count = collection.Count;
if (count > 0) {
items = new TElement[count];
collection.CopyTo(items, 0);
}
}
你可以合理地问为什么不走这条路?如果是这样,这将是对string.ToArray() 的一个很好的优化。
嗯,答案很简单:string 没有实现 ICollection<T>,因此 source as ICollection<TElement> 将返回 null,并且不会进行优化。
更糟糕的是,通过Buffer<T> 的非优化路径将使用string 枚举器,其实现如下:
public sealed class CharEnumerator : IEnumerator, ICloneable, IEnumerator<char>, IDisposable
{
private String str;
private int index;
private char currentElement;
internal CharEnumerator(String str) {
Contract.Requires(str != null);
this.str = str;
this.index = -1;
}
public Object Clone() {
return MemberwiseClone();
}
public bool MoveNext() {
if (index < (str.Length-1)) {
index++;
currentElement = str[index];
return true;
}
else
index = str.Length;
return false;
}
public void Dispose() {
if (str != null)
index = str.Length;
str = null;
}
/// <internalonly/>
Object IEnumerator.Current {
get {
if (index == -1)
throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString(ResId.InvalidOperation_EnumNotStarted));
if (index >= str.Length)
throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString(ResId.InvalidOperation_EnumEnded));
return currentElement;
}
}
public char Current {
get {
if (index == -1)
throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString(ResId.InvalidOperation_EnumNotStarted));
if (index >= str.Length)
throw new InvalidOperationException(Environment.GetResourceString(ResId.InvalidOperation_EnumEnded));
return currentElement;
}
}
public void Reset() {
currentElement = (char)0;
index = -1;
}
}
ICollection<TElement> collection = source as ICollection<TElement>;
if (collection != null) {
count = collection.Count;
if (count > 0) {
items = new TElement[count];
collection.CopyTo(items, 0);
}
}
这引入了另一个层次的低效率。
这个故事的寓意
切勿使用IEnumerable<char>.ToArray() 代替string.ToCharArray()!