在 MVC 5 中，为什么会出现异常“无法加载文件或程序集 'System.Web.Mvc, Version=4.0.0.0'”？答案

【问题标题】：In MVC 5, why do I get the exception "Could not load file or assembly 'System.Web.Mvc, Version=4.0.0.0'"?在 MVC 5 中，为什么会出现异常“无法加载文件或程序集 'System.Web.Mvc, Version=4.0.0.0'”？
【发布时间】：2018-08-03 21:02:50
【问题描述】：

我在运行我的项目时收到此错误：

无法加载文件或程序集“System.Web.Mvc，Version=4.0.0.0，Culture=neutral，PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35”或其依赖项之一。找到的程序集的清单定义与程序集引用不匹配。（HRESULT 异常：0x80131040）

我的问题之所以不同，是因为我们没有在任何地方引用 MVC 4.0。相反，我们不断收到无法加载 MVC 4.0。

顺便说一句 - 我们使用的是 MVC 5。所有库都在 NuGet 中正确引用。

我还在 YSOD 中包含堆栈跟踪：

[FileLoadException: Could not load file or assembly 'System.Web.Mvc, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35' or one of its dependencies. The located assembly's manifest definition does not match the assembly reference. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80131040)]
   JLL.BTP.Host.Spider.App_Start.UnityWebActivator.Start() in C:\SourceCode\BrokerToolKit\Epic\Projects\JLL.BTP.Host.Spider\App_Start\UnityMvcActivator.cs:20

下面的人是我的.csproj 参考：

<ItemGroup>
      <Reference Include="AutoMapper">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\AutoMapper.5.1.1\lib\net45\AutoMapper.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="EntityFramework, Version=6.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\EntityFramework.6.1.3\lib\net45\EntityFramework.dll</HintPath>
         <Private>True</Private>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="EntityFramework.SqlServer, Version=6.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\EntityFramework.6.1.3\lib\net45\EntityFramework.SqlServer.dll</HintPath>
         <Private>True</Private>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="log4net">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\log4net.2.0.0\lib\net40-full\log4net.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="Microsoft.ApplicationInsights">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.0.17.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.Extensibility.PerfCollector">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.PerfCounterCollector.0.17.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.Extensibility.PerfCollector.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.Extensibility.RuntimeTelemetry">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.DependencyCollector.0.17.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.Extensibility.RuntimeTelemetry.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.Extensibility.Web">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.Web.0.17.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.Extensibility.Web.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.Web.TelemetryChannel">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.Web.TelemetryChannel.0.17.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.Web.TelemetryChannel.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="Microsoft.CSharp" />
      <Reference Include="Microsoft.Diagnostics.Instrumentation.Extensions.Intercept, Version=0.17.0.194, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.ApplicationInsights.Agent.Intercept.0.17.0\lib\net45\Microsoft.Diagnostics.Instrumentation.Extensions.Intercept.dll</HintPath>
         <Private>True</Private>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="Microsoft.IdentityModel, Version=3.5.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <Private>True</Private>
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.6.1.7600.16394\lib\net35\Microsoft.IdentityModel.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging, Version=1.1.3.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging.1.1.3\lib\net451\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Logging.dll</HintPath>
         <Private>True</Private>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens, Version=5.1.3.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens.5.1.3\lib\net451\Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens.dll</HintPath>
         <Private>True</Private>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="Microsoft.Practices.ServiceLocation">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\CommonServiceLocator.1.3\lib\portable-net4+sl5+netcore45+wpa81+wp8\Microsoft.Practices.ServiceLocation.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="Microsoft.Practices.Unity, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=6d32ff45e0ccc69f, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Unity.4.0.1\lib\net45\Microsoft.Practices.Unity.dll</HintPath>
         <Private>True</Private>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="Microsoft.Practices.Unity.Configuration, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=6d32ff45e0ccc69f, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Unity.4.0.1\lib\net45\Microsoft.Practices.Unity.Configuration.dll</HintPath>
         <Private>True</Private>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="Microsoft.Practices.Unity.Mvc, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=6d32ff45e0ccc69f, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Unity.Mvc.4.0.1\lib\net45\Microsoft.Practices.Unity.Mvc.dll</HintPath>
         <Private>True</Private>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="Microsoft.Practices.Unity.RegistrationByConvention, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=6d32ff45e0ccc69f, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Unity.4.0.1\lib\net45\Microsoft.Practices.Unity.RegistrationByConvention.dll</HintPath>
         <Private>True</Private>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="Newtonsoft.Json, Version=9.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=30ad4fe6b2a6aeed, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Newtonsoft.Json.9.0.1\lib\net45\Newtonsoft.Json.dll</HintPath>
         <Private>True</Private>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="System" />
      <Reference Include="System.Data" />
      <Reference Include="System.Data.DataSetExtensions" />
      <Reference Include="System.Drawing" />
      <Reference Include="System.IdentityModel" />
      <Reference Include="System.identitymodel.services" />
      <Reference Include="System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt, Version=5.1.3.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.5.1.3\lib\net451\System.IdentityModel.Tokens.Jwt.dll</HintPath>
         <Private>True</Private>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="System.Net.Http.Formatting, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <SpecificVersion>False</SpecificVersion>
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.AspNet.WebApi.Client.5.2.3\lib\net45\System.Net.Http.Formatting.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="System.Runtime.Serialization" />
      <Reference Include="System.ServiceModel" />
      <Reference Include="System.Web.DynamicData" />
      <Reference Include="System.Web.Entity" />
      <Reference Include="System.Web.ApplicationServices" />
      <Reference Include="System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations" />
      <Reference Include="System.Web.Extensions" />
      <Reference Include="System.Web.Helpers, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <SpecificVersion>False</SpecificVersion>
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.AspNet.WebPages.3.2.3\lib\net45\System.Web.Helpers.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="System.Web.Http, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <SpecificVersion>False</SpecificVersion>
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.AspNet.WebApi.Core.5.2.3\lib\net45\System.Web.Http.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="System.Web.Http.WebHost, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <SpecificVersion>False</SpecificVersion>
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.AspNet.WebApi.WebHost.5.2.3\lib\net45\System.Web.Http.WebHost.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="System.Web.Mvc, Version=5.2.3.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <SpecificVersion>False</SpecificVersion>
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.AspNet.Mvc.5.2.3\lib\net45\System.Web.Mvc.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="System.Web.Optimization, Version=1.1.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.AspNet.Web.Optimization.1.1.3\lib\net40\System.Web.Optimization.dll</HintPath>
         <Private>True</Private>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="System.Web.Razor, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <SpecificVersion>False</SpecificVersion>
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.AspNet.Razor.3.2.3\lib\net45\System.Web.Razor.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="System.Web.WebPages, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <SpecificVersion>False</SpecificVersion>
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.AspNet.WebPages.3.2.3\lib\net45\System.Web.WebPages.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="System.Web.WebPages.Deployment, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <SpecificVersion>False</SpecificVersion>
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.AspNet.WebPages.3.2.3\lib\net45\System.Web.WebPages.Deployment.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="System.Web.WebPages.Razor, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <SpecificVersion>False</SpecificVersion>
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.AspNet.WebPages.3.2.3\lib\net45\System.Web.WebPages.Razor.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="System.Web" />
      <Reference Include="System.Web.Abstractions" />
      <Reference Include="System.Web.Routing" />
      <Reference Include="System.Xml" />
      <Reference Include="System.Configuration">
         <Private>True</Private>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="System.Transactions" />
      <Reference Include="System.Web.Services" />
      <Reference Include="System.EnterpriseServices" />
      <Reference Include="Microsoft.Web.Infrastructure, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <Private>True</Private>
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Microsoft.Web.Infrastructure.1.0.0.0\lib\net40\Microsoft.Web.Infrastructure.dll</HintPath>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="System.Net.Http" />
      <Reference Include="System.Net.Http.WebRequest" />
      <Reference Include="System.Xml.Linq" />
      <Reference Include="Unity.WebApi, Version=5.2.3.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=43da31bc42a85347, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\Unity.WebAPI.5.2.3\lib\net45\Unity.WebApi.dll</HintPath>
         <Private>True</Private>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="WebActivatorEx, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=7b26dc2a43f6a0d4, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\WebActivatorEx.2.0\lib\net40\WebActivatorEx.dll</HintPath>
         <Private>True</Private>
      </Reference>
      <Reference Include="WebGrease, Version=1.5.2.14234, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35, processorArchitecture=MSIL">
         <HintPath>..\..\_packages\WebGrease.1.5.2\lib\WebGrease.dll</HintPath>
         <Private>True</Private>
      </Reference>
   </ItemGroup>

下面是我的根web.config：

  <runtime>
    <assemblyBinding xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1">
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="System.Web.Helpers" publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-3.0.0.0" newVersion="3.0.0.0" />
      </dependentAssembly>
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="System.Web.WebPages" publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-3.0.0.0" newVersion="3.0.0.0" />
      </dependentAssembly>
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="System.Web.WebPages.Razor" publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" culture="neutral" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-3.0.0.0" newVersion="3.0.0.0" />
      </dependentAssembly>
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="AutoMapper" publicKeyToken="be96cd2c38ef1005" culture="neutral" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-5.1.1.0" newVersion="5.1.1.0" />
      </dependentAssembly>
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="WebGrease" publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" culture="neutral" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-1.5.2.14234" newVersion="1.5.2.14234" />
      </dependentAssembly>
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="DotNetOpenAuth.AspNet" publicKeyToken="2780ccd10d57b246" culture="neutral" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-4.1.0.0" newVersion="4.1.0.0" />
      </dependentAssembly>
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="DotNetOpenAuth.Core" publicKeyToken="2780ccd10d57b246" culture="neutral" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-4.1.0.0" newVersion="4.1.0.0" />
      </dependentAssembly>
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="StructureMap" publicKeyToken="e60ad81abae3c223" culture="neutral" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-2.6.4.0" newVersion="2.6.4.0" />
      </dependentAssembly>
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="MiniProfiler" publicKeyToken="b44f9351044011a3" culture="neutral" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-3.1.1.140" newVersion="3.1.1.140" />
      </dependentAssembly>
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="System.Web.Mvc" publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-5.2.3.0" newVersion="5.2.3.0" />
      </dependentAssembly>
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="Newtonsoft.Json" publicKeyToken="30ad4fe6b2a6aeed" culture="neutral" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-9.0.0.0" newVersion="9.0.0.0" />
      </dependentAssembly>
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="System.Web.Http" publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" culture="neutral" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-5.2.3.0" newVersion="5.2.3.0" />
      </dependentAssembly>
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="Microsoft.Xrm.Sdk" publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" culture="neutral" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-8.0.0.0" newVersion="8.0.0.0" />
      </dependentAssembly>
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="Microsoft.Crm.Sdk.Proxy" publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" culture="neutral" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-8.0.0.0" newVersion="8.0.0.0" />
      </dependentAssembly>

      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="System.Configuration" publicKeyToken="b03f5f7f11d50a3a" culture="neutral" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-4.0.0.0" newVersion="4.0.0.0" />
      </dependentAssembly>
    </assemblyBinding>
  </runtime>

下面是Views\web.config：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<configuration>
   <configSections>
      <sectionGroup name="system.web.webPages.razor" type="System.Web.WebPages.Razor.Configuration.RazorWebSectionGroup, System.Web.WebPages.Razor, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35">
         <section name="host" type="System.Web.WebPages.Razor.Configuration.HostSection, System.Web.WebPages.Razor, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35" requirePermission="false" />
         <section name="pages" type="System.Web.WebPages.Razor.Configuration.RazorPagesSection, System.Web.WebPages.Razor, Version=3.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35" requirePermission="false" />
      </sectionGroup>
   </configSections>
   <system.web.webPages.razor>
      <host factoryType="System.Web.Mvc.MvcWebRazorHostFactory, System.Web.Mvc, Version=5.2.3.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35" />
      <pages pageBaseType="System.Web.Mvc.WebViewPage">
         <namespaces>
            <add namespace="System.Web.Mvc" />
            <add namespace="System.Web.Helpers" />
            <add namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Ajax" />
            <add namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Html" />
            <add namespace="System.Web.Optimization" />
            <add namespace="System.Web.Routing" />
         </namespaces>
      </pages>
   </system.web.webPages.razor>
   <appSettings>
      <add key="webpages:Enabled" value="false" />
   </appSettings>
   <system.web>
      <httpHandlers>
         <add path="*" verb="*" type="System.Web.HttpNotFoundHandler" />
      </httpHandlers>
      <!--
        Enabling request validation in view pages would cause validation to occur
        after the input has already been processed by the controller. By default
        MVC performs request validation before a controller processes the input.
        To change this behavior apply the ValidateInputAttribute to a
        controller or action.
    -->
      <pages validateRequest="false" pageParserFilterType="System.Web.Mvc.ViewTypeParserFilter, System.Web.Mvc, Version=5.2.3.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35" pageBaseType="System.Web.Mvc.ViewPage, System.Web.Mvc, Version=5.2.3.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35" userControlBaseType="System.Web.Mvc.ViewUserControl, System.Web.Mvc, Version=5.2.3.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35">
         <controls>
            <add assembly="System.Web.Mvc, Version=5.2.3.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31BF3856AD364E35" namespace="System.Web.Mvc" tagPrefix="mvc" />
         </controls>
      </pages>
   </system.web>
   <system.webServer>
      <validation validateIntegratedModeConfiguration="false" />
      <handlers>
         <remove name="BlockViewHandler" />
         <add name="BlockViewHandler" path="*" verb="*" preCondition="integratedMode" type="System.Web.HttpNotFoundHandler" />
      </handlers>
   </system.webServer>
</configuration>

为什么会出现这个错误？

【问题讨论】：

Could not load file or assembly 'System.Web.Mvc'的可能重复
检查网站根目录和views文件夹中的web.config。
我们没有在任何地方引用 MVC 4.0 - 你确定吗？见Weird Error Upgrading ASP.NET MVC from 4 to 5。
@NightOwl888 - 我粘贴了 cs Proj 和 web 配置。我已经添加了尽可能多的细节。
您是在本地运行还是从其他环境运行此错误？

标签： asp.net-mvc asp.net-mvc-5

【解决方案1】：

因为您引用了 Unity 4.0.1，它引用了 MVC 4，但您的项目的其余部分配置为使用 MVC 5。

您将需要升级 Unity，或添加绑定重定向，以便旧版本的 Unity 可以利用 MVC 5 以及您的项目的其余部分：

<dependentAssembly>
    <assemblyIdentity name="System.Web.Mvc" publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" />
    <bindingRedirect oldVersion="0.0.0.0-5.0.0.0" newVersion="5.0.0.0" />
</dependentAssembly>

也就是说，这可能不是错误的唯一原因。您需要警惕您的 MVC 5 项目所依赖的所有.csproj 文件和 DLL 文件（例如 NuGet 引用）中的依赖关系，以及您可能拥有的任何 .config 文件管道。见See Weird Error Upgrading ASP.NET MVC from 4 to 5。

【讨论】：

绑定重定向已经存在。不知道为什么它仍然给出错误。
Unity 4.0.1 可能无法在该配置中运行。您是否尝试将 Unity 升级到 5.x？ Unity.Mvc 的最新版本是针对 MVC 5.2.3。
@Nightowl888- 有趣的是它曾经可以工作。突然它停止工作了！！！