Python - 临时修改当前进程的环境

Question

我使用以下代码临时修改环境变量。

@contextmanager
def _setenv(**mapping):
    """``with`` context to temporarily modify the environment variables"""
    backup_values = {}
    backup_remove = set()
    for key, value in mapping.items():
        if key in os.environ:
            backup_values[key] = os.environ[key]
        else:
            backup_remove.add(key)
        os.environ[key] = value

    try:
        yield
    finally:
        # restore old environment
        for k, v in backup_values.items():
            os.environ[k] = v
        for k in backup_remove:
            del os.environ[k]

这个with 上下文主要用于测试用例。例如，

def test_myapp_respects_this_envvar():
    with _setenv(MYAPP_PLUGINS_DIR='testsandbox/plugins'):
        myapp.plugins.register()
        [...]

我的问题：有没有一种简单/优雅的方式来写_setenv？我考虑过实际执行backup = os.environ.copy() 然后os.environ = backup .. 但我不确定这是否会影响程序行为（例如：如果os.environ 在Python 解释器的其他地方引用）。

Answer 1

我建议你以下实现：

import contextlib
import os


@contextlib.contextmanager
def set_env(**environ):
    """
    Temporarily set the process environment variables.

    >>> with set_env(PLUGINS_DIR=u'test/plugins'):
    ...   "PLUGINS_DIR" in os.environ
    True

    >>> "PLUGINS_DIR" in os.environ
    False

    :type environ: dict[str, unicode]
    :param environ: Environment variables to set
    """
    old_environ = dict(os.environ)
    os.environ.update(environ)
    try:
        yield
    finally:
        os.environ.clear()
        os.environ.update(old_environ)

编辑：更高级的实现

下面的上下文管理器可用于添加/删除/更新您的环境变量：

import contextlib
import os


@contextlib.contextmanager
def modified_environ(*remove, **update):
    """
    Temporarily updates the ``os.environ`` dictionary in-place.

    The ``os.environ`` dictionary is updated in-place so that the modification
    is sure to work in all situations.

    :param remove: Environment variables to remove.
    :param update: Dictionary of environment variables and values to add/update.
    """
    env = os.environ
    update = update or {}
    remove = remove or []

    # List of environment variables being updated or removed.
    stomped = (set(update.keys()) | set(remove)) & set(env.keys())
    # Environment variables and values to restore on exit.
    update_after = {k: env[k] for k in stomped}
    # Environment variables and values to remove on exit.
    remove_after = frozenset(k for k in update if k not in env)

    try:
        env.update(update)
        [env.pop(k, None) for k in remove]
        yield
    finally:
        env.update(update_after)
        [env.pop(k) for k in remove_after]

用法示例：

>>> with modified_environ('HOME', LD_LIBRARY_PATH='/my/path/to/lib'):
...     home = os.environ.get('HOME')
...     path = os.environ.get("LD_LIBRARY_PATH")
>>> home is None
True
>>> path
'/my/path/to/lib'

>>> home = os.environ.get('HOME')
>>> path = os.environ.get("LD_LIBRARY_PATH")
>>> home is None
False
>>> path is None
True

EDIT2

GitHub 上提供了此上下文管理器的演示。

Answer 2

_environ = dict(os.environ)  # or os.environ.copy()
try:

    ...

finally:
    os.environ.clear()
    os.environ.update(_environ)

Answer 3

我也想做同样的事情，但对于单元测试，这是我使用 unittest.mock.patch 函数完成的方法：

def test_function_with_different_env_variable():
    with mock.patch.dict('os.environ', {'hello': 'world'}, clear=True):
        self.assertEqual(os.environ.get('hello'), 'world')
        self.assertEqual(len(os.environ), 1)

基本上将unittest.mock.patch.dict 与clear=True 一起使用，我们将os.environ 制作为仅包含{'hello': 'world'} 的字典。

• 删除clear=True 将让原来的os.environ 并在{'hello': 'world'} 中添加/替换指定的键/值对。

• 删除{'hello': 'world'} 只会创建一个空字典，因此os.envrion 在with 中将是空的。

Answer 4

在pytest 中，您可以使用monkeypatch 夹具临时设置环境变量。有关详细信息，请参阅the docs。为了您的方便，我在这里复制了一个 sn-p。

import os
import pytest
from typing import Any, NewType

# Alias for the ``type`` of monkeypatch fixture.
MonkeyPatchFixture = NewType("MonkeyPatchFixture", Any)


# This is the function we will test below to demonstrate the ``monkeypatch`` fixture.
def get_lowercase_env_var(env_var_name: str) -> str:
    """
    Return the value of an environment variable. Variable value is made all lowercase.

    :param env_var_name:
        The name of the environment variable to return.
    :return:
        The value of the environment variable, with all letters in lowercase.
    """
    env_variable_value = os.environ[env_var_name]
    lowercase_env_variable = env_variable_value.lower()
    return lowercase_env_variable


def test_get_lowercase_env_var(monkeypatch: MonkeyPatchFixture) -> None:
    """
    Test that the function under test indeed returns the lowercase-ified
    form of ENV_VAR_UNDER_TEST.
    """
    name_of_env_var_under_test = "ENV_VAR_UNDER_TEST"
    env_var_value_under_test = "EnvVarValue"
    expected_result = "envvarvalue"
    # KeyError because``ENV_VAR_UNDER_TEST`` was looked up in the os.environ dictionary before its value was set by ``monkeypatch``.
    with pytest.raises(KeyError):
        assert get_lowercase_env_var(name_of_env_var_under_test) == expected_result
    # Temporarily set the environment variable's value.
    monkeypatch.setenv(name_of_env_var_under_test, env_var_value_under_test)
    assert get_lowercase_env_var(name_of_env_var_under_test) == expected_result


def test_get_lowercase_env_var_fails(monkeypatch: MonkeyPatchFixture) -> None:
    """
    This demonstrates that ENV_VAR_UNDER_TEST is reset in every test function.
    """
    env_var_name_under_test = "ENV_VAR_UNDER_TEST"
    expected_result = "envvarvalue"
    with pytest.raises(KeyError):
        assert get_lowercase_env_var(env_var_name_under_test) == expected_result

Answer 5

对于单元测试，我更喜欢使用带有可选参数的装饰器函数。这样我就可以将修改后的环境值用于整个测试功能。如果函数引发异常，下面的装饰器还会恢复原始环境值：

import os

def patch_environ(new_environ=None, clear_orig=False):
    if not new_environ:
        new_environ = dict()

    def actual_decorator(func):
        from functools import wraps

        @wraps(func)
        def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
            original_env = dict(os.environ)

            if clear_orig:
                os.environ.clear()

            os.environ.update(new_environ)
            try:
                result = func(*args, **kwargs)
            except:
                raise
            finally: # restore even if Exception was raised
                os.environ = original_env

            return result

        return wrapper

    return actual_decorator

在单元测试中的使用：

class Something:
    @staticmethod
    def print_home():
        home = os.environ.get('HOME', 'unknown')
        print("HOME = {0}".format(home))


class SomethingTest(unittest.TestCase):
    @patch_environ({'HOME': '/tmp/test'})
    def test_environ_based_something(self):
        Something.print_home() # prints: HOME = /tmp/test

unittest.main()

Answer 6

使用这里的要点，您可以保存/恢复本地、全局范围变量和环境变量： https://gist.github.com/earonesty/ac0617a5672ae1a41be1eaf316dd63e4

import os
from varlib import vartemp, envtemp

x = 3
y = 4

with vartemp({'x':93,'y':94}):
   print(x)
   print(y)
print(x)
print(y)

with envtemp({'foo':'bar'}):
    print(os.getenv('foo'))

print(os.getenv('foo'))

这个输出：

93
94
3
4
bar
None