带参数的类的代码组织和实例

Question

我正在使用 Tkinter 构建我的第一个应用程序，但我遇到了类实例。 我遵循了本教程https://pythonprogramming.net/change-show-new-frame-tkinter/，但仍然存在一些问题： - 如何将控制器作为不同类中 init 行的参数？ - 我想在 classB 和相反的情况下创建 classA 的实例，但我在参数上弄错了！ - 关于组织代码，我创建了 2 个类（每个框架一个）和写函数相关的好类，我应该将它们分成第 3 个类吗？最方便的方法是什么？ 实际上代码正在运行，但我想在第二个窗口中添加一些设置工具！ 我必须做什么才能修改 SettingsPage 类中的一些参数并在 StartPage 类中更新和使用它们？例如我想修改 ecartementlogo。

setp = SettingsPage(controller, StartPage) 给我 AttributeError: type object 'StartPage' has no attribute 'tk'

抱歉发布所有代码，但我不确定我可以删除示例中的哪些内容

import tkinter as tk
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageColor, ImageFont, ImageChops, ImageColor, ImageFont, ImageTk as PIL
import os
import utilitary as utilitary
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
from tkinter import filedialog
from configparser import ConfigParser

LARGE_FONT= ("Verdana", 12)
basewidth = 400
config = ConfigParser()
config.read('config.ini')


class DotaCasterKit(tk.Tk):

    def show_frame(self, cont):

        frame = self.frames[cont]
        frame.tkraise()

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):

        tk.Tk.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        tk.Tk.iconbitmap(self,default='icone.ico')
        tk.Tk.wm_title(self, "vs Creator")

        container = tk.Frame(self)

        container.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand = True)

        container.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
        container.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)

        self.frames = {}

        for F in (StartPage, SettingsPage):

            frame = F(container, self)

            self.frames[F] = frame

            frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")

        self.show_frame(StartPage)

        menu = tk.Menu(container)
        menu.config(background='#2B547E', fg='#2B547E')
        tk.Tk.config(self, menu=menu)
        file = tk.Menu(menu)
        file.add_command(label="Préférences", command=self.show_settings)
        file.add_command(label="Exit",command=quit)

        menu.add_cascade(label="File", menu=file)
        refresh = tk.Menu(menu)

        menu.add_cascade(label="Refresh", menu=refresh)

    def show_settings(self):

        frame = self.frames[SettingsPage]
        frame.tkraise()


class StartPage(tk.Frame):

    def choose_background(self):
        print(self.path_slogos)
        self.background_file = filedialog.askopenfilename(initialdir='C:/Users/.../VS')
        self.background = PIL.Image.open(self.background_file).convert('RGBA')
        self.background_name = os.path.basename(self.background_file)
        self.var1.set(self.background_name)

        self.miniature = self.background
        self.wpercent = (self.basewidth/float(self.miniature.size[0]))
        self.hsize = int((float(self.miniature.size[1])*float(self.wpercent)))
        self.miniature = self.miniature.resize((self.basewidth,self.hsize))
        self.miniature = PIL.PhotoImage(self.miniature)
        self.canvas.itemconfig(self.image_on_canvas, image =self.miniature)

    def choose_slogos_path(self):
        self.path_slogos = filedialog.askdirectory(initialdir='C:/Users/.../Logos')
        self.var2.set(os.path.basename(self.path_slogos))
        return self.path_slogos

    def create_list_logos(self):
        self.path_slogos = filedialog.askdirectory(initialdir='C:/Users/.../Logos')
        self.var2.set("Dossier : "+os.path.basename(self.path_slogos))
        self.files = []
        self.list_files_names =[]
        print(self.path_slogos)
        for r, d, f in os.walk(self.path_slogos):
            for file in f:
                if '.png' in file and 'background' not in file:
                    self.files.append(os.path.join(r, file))
                    name = os.path.basename(file)
                    name = name[:-4]
                    self.list_files_names.append(name)
        self.liste_1.config(values=self.list_files_names)
        self.liste_2.config(values=self.list_files_names)
        self.liste_1.current(0)
        self.liste_2.current(0)
        return self.list_files_names

    def create_img(self):
        self.composition = self.background
        self.ecartementlogo = 550
        rift_middle = ImageFont.truetype(os.path.join('C:/Users...rift/', 'fort_foundry_rift_bold.otf'), 150)
        text_middle = 'VS'
        text_match_format = self.entry_format_match.get()
        rift_match_format = ImageFont.truetype(os.path.join('C:/Users...rift/', 'fort_foundry_rift_bold.otf'), 60)
        rift_score = ImageFont.truetype(os.path.join('C:/Users...rift/', 'fort_foundry_rift_bold.otf'), 50)
        self.score_1 = self.entry_score__1.get()
        self.score_2 =  self.entry_score__2.get()
        self.1=self.liste_1.get()
        self.2=self.liste_2.get()
        self.logo_1 = PIL.Image.open(self.path_slogos+'/'+self.1+'.png').convert('RGBA')
        self.logo_2 = PIL.Image.open(self.path_slogos+'/'+self.2+'.png').convert('RGBA')
        #logo 1
        self.composition = utilitary.draw_image_advanced(self.composition, self.logo_1,
                                                      [960-int(self.ecartementlogo), 550],
                                                      [None, 300],
                                                      1)
        #logo 2
        self.composition = utilitary.draw_image_advanced(self.composition, self.logo_2,
                                                      [960+int(self.ecartementlogo), 550],
                                                      [None, 300],
                                                      1)

        image_draw = ImageDraw.Draw(self.composition)
        #insert text (VS + score)
        utilitary.draw_text_center_align(image_draw, [960, 450], text_middle, font=rift_middle, fill=utilitary.colors['white'])
        utilitary.draw_text_center_align(image_draw, [960, 600], text_match_format, font=rift_match_format, fill=utilitary.colors['white'])
        utilitary.draw_text_center_align(image_draw, [960-self.ecartementlogo, 700], self.score_1, font=rift_score, fill=utilitary.colors['light_red'])
        utilitary.draw_text_center_align(image_draw, [960+self.ecartementlogo, 700], self.score_2, font=rift_score, fill=utilitary.colors['light_red'])

        if self.var4.get()==0:
            pass
        if self.var4.get()==1:
            config.set('main', 'default_file_background', self.background_file)
            config.set('main', 'default_path_slogos', self.path_slogos)
            with open('config.ini', 'w') as f:
                config.write(f)
            print(self.background_file)
            print(self.path_slogos)
            print("settings saved")
        print("image created")

        self.miniature = self.composition
        self.wpercent = (self.basewidth/float(self.miniature.size[0]))
        self.hsize = int((float(self.miniature.size[1])*float(self.wpercent)))
        self.miniature = self.miniature.resize((self.basewidth,self.hsize))

        self.miniature = PIL.PhotoImage(self.miniature)
        self.canvas.itemconfig(self.image_on_canvas, image =self.miniature)


    def save_img(self):
        self.var5.set("Saved as " +self.1 + '_'+self.2+'.png')
        self.composition.save('C:/.../'+self.1 + '_'+self.2+'.png')

    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        setp = SettingsPage(controller, StartPage)
### this line don't work ### wrong arguments
        self.background_file = config.get('main', 'default_file_background')
        self.path_slogos = config.get('main', 'default_path_slogos')
        self.group3 = tk.LabelFrame(self, text=" A & Score")
        self.group3.pack (side="left", padx=5, pady=5)
        self.group4 = tk.LabelFrame(self, text=" B & Score")
        self.group4.pack (side="right", padx=5, pady=5)

        self.liste_1 = ttk.Combobox(self.group3)
        self.liste_1.pack(side="top", padx=5, pady=5)

        self.liste_2 = ttk.Combobox(self.group4)
        self.liste_2.pack(side="top", padx=5, pady=5)
        self.liste_1, self.liste_2 = utilitary.initial_list_logos(self.path_slogos, self.liste_1, self.liste_2)

        self.liste_1.current(0)
        self.liste_2.current(0)
        self.group1 = tk.LabelFrame(self, text="Background")
        self.group1.pack (side="top", padx=5, pady=5)

        self.button_choose_background_file = tk.Button(self.group1, text="Choose Background")
        self.button_choose_background_file.config(command=self.choose_background)
        self.button_choose_background_file.pack (side="top", padx=5, pady=5)

        self.var1 = tk.StringVar()
        self.var1.set(os.path.basename(self.background_file))
        self.label_name_background_file = tk.Label(self.group1, textvariable=self.var1)
        self.label_name_background_file.pack (side="bottom", padx=5, pady=5)

        self.group2 = tk.LabelFrame(self, text="Logos s",labelanchor='ne')
        self.group2.pack (side="top", padx=5, pady=5)
        self.var2 = tk.StringVar()
        self.var2.set("Dossier : "+os.path.basename(self.path_slogos))
        self.label_path_slogo = tk.Label(self.group2, textvariable=self.var2)
        self.label_path_slogo.pack (side="bottom", padx=5, pady=5)

        self.button_list_logos = tk.Button(self.group2, text="Choose logos path")
        self.button_list_logos.config(command=self.create_list_logos)
        self.button_list_logos.pack (side="top", padx=5, pady=5)


        self.score_1 = tk.StringVar()
        self.score_1.set("")
        self.entry_score__1 = tk.Entry(self.group3,textvariable=self.score_1, width=5, justify='center')
        self.entry_score__1.pack(side="bottom", padx=5, pady=5)

        self.score_2 = tk.StringVar()
        self.score_2.set("")
        self.entry_score__2 = tk.Entry(self.group4,textvariable=self.score_2, width=5, justify='center')
        self.entry_score__2.pack(side="bottom", padx=5, pady=5)

        self.button_show = tk.Button(self, text="Show Image")
        self.button_show.config(command=self.create_img)
        self.button_show.pack (side="bottom", padx=5, pady=5)

        self.button_save_img = tk.Button(self, text="Save as image")
        self.button_save_img.config(command=self.save_img)
        self.button_save_img.pack (side="bottom", padx=5, pady=5)
        self.var5 = tk.StringVar ()
        self.var5.set('')
        self.label_name_save = tk.Label(self, textvariable =self.var5)
        self.label_name_save.pack (side="bottom", padx=5, pady=5)

        self.format_match = tk.StringVar()
        self.format_match.set("Format")
        self.entry_format_match = tk.Entry(self,textvariable=self.format_match, width=10, justify='center')
        self.entry_format_match.pack()

        self.var4 = tk.IntVar ()
        self.var4.set(0)
        self.button_save_settings = tk.Checkbutton(self, text="Save settings", variable = self.var4)
        self.button_save_settings.pack(side = "bottom")

        self.ecartementlogo = tk.IntVar ()
        self.var4.set(550)

        self.background=PIL.Image.open(self.background_file).convert('RGBA')
        self.basewidth = 400
        self.miniature = self.background
        self.wpercent = (self.basewidth/float(self.miniature.size[0]))
        self.hsize = int((float(self.miniature.size[1])*float(self.wpercent)))
        self.miniature = self.miniature.resize((self.basewidth,self.hsize))
        print(self.miniature.size)
        self.miniature = PIL.PhotoImage(self.miniature)
        self.canvas = tk.Canvas(self,width=400, height=225)
        self.image_on_canvas = self.canvas.create_image(0, 0, anchor="nw", image=self.miniature)
        self.canvas.pack()


class SettingsPage(tk.Frame):

    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)

        startp = StartPage(controller, SettingsPage)
###this line work ### arguments are correct
        label = tk.Label(self, text="Page Two!!!", font=LARGE_FONT)
        label.pack(pady=10,padx=10)

        button1 = tk.Button(self, text="Back to Edition Page",
                            command=lambda: controller.show_frame(StartPage))
        button1.pack()

        scale_x_logo_ = tk.Scale(self, orient='horizontal', from_=0, to=startp.background.size[0]/2,
                                                                resolution=10, length=350,
                                                                label='Placement horizontal logo', variable= startp.ecartementlogo)
        scale_x_logo_.pack()




app = DotaCasterKit()
app.geometry("%dx%d%+d%+d" % (850,620,100,100))
app.mainloop()

在 SettingsPage 类中使用的这一行是可以的： startp = StartPage(controller, SettingsPage) 我会说我需要写相反的，但是我的参数有错误（控制器，StartPage）但是这个 setp = SettingsPage(controller, StartPage) 不起作用（在 StartPage 类的 init 行中）

Answer 1

问题就在这里：

class StartPage(tk.Frame):
    # ... Omitting irrelevant stuff
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self, parent)
        setp = SettingsPage(controller, StartPage) # Right here
        # ... More irrelevant stuff

您将类 StartPage 传递给SettingsPage，而不是该类的实例。 SettingsPage 然后尝试将类解释为小部件，但类不是小部件并且没有tk 属性。

解决此问题的最佳方法是删除该行，因为您从不使用变量setp。 SettingsPage.__init__ 中的对应行也应该删除。

您还应该阅读@Brian Oakley 建议的链接。您的代码目前有很多问题。我已经修复了其中一个，他的链接应该可以帮助您修复更多。