perl如何以段落样式获取特定字符串

Question

我是 perl 的新手，仍然通过做一些案例来学习。我有一些使用 perl 解析日志的案例。

有一个数据日志：

Physical interface: ge-1/0/2, Unit: 101, Vlan-id: 101, Address: 10.187.132.3/27
  Index: 353, SNMP ifIndex: 577, VRRP-Traps: enabled
  Interface state: up, Group: 1, State: backup, VRRP Mode: Active
  Priority: 190, Advertisement interval: 1, Authentication type: none
  Advertisement threshold: 3, Delay threshold: 100, Computed send rate: 0
  Preempt: yes, Accept-data mode: yes, VIP count: 1, VIP: 10.187.132.1       
  Dead timer: 2.715s, Master priority: 200, Master router: 10.187.132.2 
  Virtual router uptime: 5w5d 12:54
  Tracking: disabled 

Physical interface: ge-1/0/2, Unit: 102, Vlan-id: 102, Address: 10.187.132.35/27
  Index: 354, SNMP ifIndex: 580, VRRP-Traps: enabled
  Interface state: up, Group: 2, State: master, VRRP Mode: Active
  Priority: 200, Advertisement interval: 1, Authentication type: none
  Advertisement threshold: 3, Delay threshold: 100, Computed send rate: 0
  Preempt: yes, Accept-data mode: yes, VIP count: 1, VIP: 10.187.132.33      
  Advertisement Timer: 0.816s, Master router: 10.187.132.35
  Virtual router uptime: 5w5d 12:54, Master router uptime: 5w5d 12:54
  Virtual Mac: 00:00:5e:00:01:02 
  Tracking: disabled 

Physical interface: ge-1/0/2, Unit: 103, Vlan-id: 103, Address: 10.187.132.67/27
  Index: 355, SNMP ifIndex: 581, VRRP-Traps: enabled
  Interface state: up, Group: 3, State: backup, VRRP Mode: Active
  Priority: 190, Advertisement interval: 1, Authentication type: none
  Advertisement threshold: 3, Delay threshold: 100, Computed send rate: 0
  Preempt: yes, Accept-data mode: yes, VIP count: 1, VIP: 10.187.132.65      
  Dead timer: 2.624s, Master priority: 200, Master router: 10.187.132.66 
  Virtual router uptime: 5w5d 12:54
  Tracking: disabled

我很好奇我们如何检索一些值并将其存储到数组中。我试过 grep 它，但我很困惑如何取一个特定的值。

哈希数组的期望值：

$VAR1 = {
          'interface' => 'ge-1/0/2.101',
          'address' => '10.187.132.3/27',
          'State' => 'backup'
          'Master-router' => '10.187.132.2'
        };
$VAR2 = {
          'interface' => 'ge-1/0/2.102',
          'address' => '10.187.132.35/27',
          'State' => 'master'
          'Master-router' => '10.187.132.35'
        };
$VAR3 = {
          'interface' => 'ge-1/0/2.103',
          'address' => '10.187.132.67/27',
          'State' => 'backup'
          'Master-router' => '10.187.132.66'
        };

Answer 1

您可以使用正则表达式来拆分每个段落。这样的事情可能会奏效：

/((\w|\s|-)+):\s([^,]+)/m

匹配的组将如下所示：

Match 1
1.  Physical interface
2.  e
3.  ge-1/0/2
Match 2
1.  Unit
2.  t
3.  101
Match 3
1.  Vlan-id
2.  d
3.  101

如您所见，1. 对应于一个键，而 3. 是对应的值。您可以以任何您喜欢的方式存储这组配对。

为此，日志中的每个属性都需要以逗号分隔，而您列出的示例不是。假设您列出的示例是正确的，您将不得不稍微调整正则表达式以使其工作。您可以在rubular 在线测试它，直到它工作。如果它是逗号分隔的，你可能只想用“，”分割每个段落，然后在“：”上分割每个结果。

编辑：

在我看来，每一行都是逗号分隔的，因此如果您一次在一行上使用上述方法，它们可能会非常有效。

Answer 2

解析数据：

1. 在行以空格开头时，通过将行读入一个节来从文件中获取一个节。
2. 在逗号或换行符的项目分隔符处拆分部分
3. 将第一个冒号处的每个项目拆分为键和值
4. 对密钥进行大小写折叠并将密钥对存储到哈希中

一个实现的草图：

my @hashes;
while (<>) {
  push @hashes, {} if /\A\S/;
  for my $item (split /,/) {
    my ($k, $v) = split /:/, $item, 2;
    $hashes[-1]{fc $k} = $v;
  }
}

然后你可以从你感兴趣的哈希中提取那些信息。

Answer 3

由于每条记录都是一个段落，你可以让 Perl 通过local $/ = '';（段落模式）读取这些块中的文件。然后，使用正则表达式在该段落中捕获您想要的每个值，将该值与散列键配对，然后将 push 对该散列的引用添加到数组中以形成散列数组 (AoH)：

use strict;
use warnings;
use Data::Dumper;

my @arr;
local $/ = '';

while (<DATA>) {
    my %hash;
    ( $hash{'interface'} )     = /interface:\s+([^,]+)/;
    ( $hash{'address'} )       = /Address:\s+(\S+)/;
    ( $hash{'State'} )         = /State:\s+([^,]+)/;
    ( $hash{'Master-router'} ) = /Master router:\s+(\S+)/;

    push @arr, \%hash;
}

print Dumper \@arr;

__DATA__
Physical interface: ge-1/0/2, Unit: 101, Vlan-id: 101, Address: 10.187.132.3/27
  Index: 353, SNMP ifIndex: 577, VRRP-Traps: enabled
  Interface state: up, Group: 1, State: backup, VRRP Mode: Active
  Priority: 190, Advertisement interval: 1, Authentication type: none
  Advertisement threshold: 3, Delay threshold: 100, Computed send rate: 0
  Preempt: yes, Accept-data mode: yes, VIP count: 1, VIP: 10.187.132.1       
  Dead timer: 2.715s, Master priority: 200, Master router: 10.187.132.2
  Virtual router uptime: 5w5d 12:54
  Tracking: disabled 

Physical interface: ge-1/0/2, Unit: 102, Vlan-id: 102, Address: 10.187.132.35/27
  Index: 354, SNMP ifIndex: 580, VRRP-Traps: enabled
  Interface state: up, Group: 2, State: master, VRRP Mode: Active
  Priority: 200, Advertisement interval: 1, Authentication type: none
  Advertisement threshold: 3, Delay threshold: 100, Computed send rate: 0
  Preempt: yes, Accept-data mode: yes, VIP count: 1, VIP: 10.187.132.33      
  Advertisement Timer: 0.816s, Master router: 10.187.132.35
  Virtual router uptime: 5w5d 12:54, Master router uptime: 5w5d 12:54
  Virtual Mac: 00:00:5e:00:01:02 
  Tracking: disabled 

Physical interface: ge-1/0/2, Unit: 103, Vlan-id: 103, Address: 10.187.132.67/27
  Index: 355, SNMP ifIndex: 581, VRRP-Traps: enabled
  Interface state: up, Group: 3, State: backup, VRRP Mode: Active
  Priority: 190, Advertisement interval: 1, Authentication type: none
  Advertisement threshold: 3, Delay threshold: 100, Computed send rate: 0
  Preempt: yes, Accept-data mode: yes, VIP count: 1, VIP: 10.187.132.65      
  Dead timer: 2.624s, Master priority: 200, Master router: 10.187.132.66
  Virtual router uptime: 5w5d 12:54
  Tracking: disabled

输出：

$VAR1 = [
          {
            'Master-router' => '10.187.132.2',
            'interface' => 'ge-1/0/2',
            'address' => '10.187.132.3/27',
            'State' => 'backup'
          },
          {
            'Master-router' => '10.187.132.35',
            'interface' => 'ge-1/0/2',
            'address' => '10.187.132.35/27',
            'State' => 'master'
          },
          {
            'Master-router' => '10.187.132.66',
            'interface' => 'ge-1/0/2',
            'address' => '10.187.132.67/27',
            'State' => 'backup'
          }
        ];

希望这会有所帮助！