Django尝试发送（smtp）电子邮件但连接被拒绝

Question

我正在使用 Mac Catalina 10.15.7 / django 3.1.2 / python 3.8.5。

我正在尝试从 django 发送电子邮件。

首先，我在settings.py中定义了这些

EMAIL_BACKEND='django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend'
EMAIL_USE_TLS=True
EMAIL_HOST='smtp.gmail.com'
EMAIL_PORT=587
EMAIL_HOST_USER='MYID@gmail.com'
EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD='MYPASSWORD'
SERVER_EMAIL='MYID@gmail.com'
DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL=EMAIL_HOST_USER

然后，我进入 gmail 设置并 1) 启用 IMAP 使用和 2)（在帐户的安全设置中）启用低安全应用程序的使用 (https://www.google.com/settings/security/lesssecureapps)

那么，在我的 pycharms 的 python 控制台中，

from django.core.mail import EmailMessage
email = EmailMessage('subject text', 'body text', to=['RECEIVINGEMAILID@gmail.com'])

但我收到以下错误：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/Users/capstone1/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/core/mail/message.py", line 225, in __init__
    self.from_email = from_email or settings.DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL
  File "/Users/capstone1/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/conf/__init__.py", line 83, in __getattr__
    self._setup(name)
  File "/Users/capstone1/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/conf/__init__.py", line 64, in _setup
    raise ImproperlyConfigured(
django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: Requested setting DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL, but settings are not configured. You must either define the environment variable DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE or call settings.configure() before accessing settings.

所以我无法进行下一步 email.send()

根据错误描述，我想也许我应该使用 settings.py 中的 DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE 块，比如 -

DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE = [
    {
    'EMAIL_BACKEND':'django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend',
    'EMAIL_USE_TLS':True,
    'EMAIL_PORT':587,
    'EMAIL_HOST':"smtp.gmail.com",
    'EMAIL_HOST_USER':'MYID@gmail.com',
    'EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD':'MYPASSWORD',
    'SERVER_EMAIL':'MYID@gmail.com',
    'DEFAULT_FROM_EMAIL':"MYID@gmail.com"
    }
]

但它仍然给我同样的错误。

--

或者，如果我在终端上执行python manage.py shell，

那么，

>>> from django.core.mail import EmailMessage
>>> email = EmailMessage('subject text', 'body text', to=['RECEIVINGEMAILID@gmail.com'])
>>> email.send()

我收到以下错误：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/Users/capstone1/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/core/mail/message.py", line 284, in send
    return self.get_connection(fail_silently).send_messages([self])
  File "/Users/capstone1/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/core/mail/backends/smtp.py", line 102, in send_messages
    new_conn_created = self.open()
  File "/Users/capstone1/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/core/mail/backends/smtp.py", line 62, in open
    self.connection = self.connection_class(self.host, self.port, **connection_params)
  File "/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.8/3.8.5/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/smtplib.py", line 253, in __init__
    (code, msg) = self.connect(host, port)
  File "/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.8/3.8.5/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/smtplib.py", line 339, in connect
    self.sock = self._get_socket(host, port, self.timeout)
  File "/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.8/3.8.5/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/smtplib.py", line 308, in _get_socket
    return socket.create_connection((host, port), timeout,
  File "/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.8/3.8.5/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/socket.py", line 808, in create_connection
    raise err
  File "/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.8/3.8.5/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/socket.py", line 796, in create_connection
    sock.connect(sa)
ConnectionRefusedError: [Errno 61] Connection refused

我不明白为什么会收到连接被拒绝错误，因为我设置并启用了 Gmail 选项，或者为什么我在 python 控制台和 python 终端中出现不同的错误。

(+听说django已经安装了smtp，所以没做其他的。)

我该怎么办？

Answer 1

在 python shell 中，您必须先声明 DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE，然后才能访问 Django 模块，例如 SendEmail。
为什么会出现连接被拒绝错误？可能是您在您的帐户上使用 2fa，或者没有关闭不太安全的应用程序。

尝试通过将其附加到urls.py 中的 URL 来运行以下视图函数。

from django.core.mail import EmailMessage

def SendEmail():
    status = False
    try:
        email = EmailMessage("test", "test", to=['yourid@email.com'])
        email.send()
        status = True
    except Exception as e:
        print(e)    
    return status

在您的 settings.py 中定义电子邮件设置，如下所示，您已将其定义为字典

EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.smtp.EmailBackend'
EMAIL_USE_TLS = True
EMAIL_HOST = 'smtp.gmail.com'
EMAIL_HOST_USER = 'yourid@email.com'
EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD = 'pwd'
EMAIL_PORT = 587