电子邮件字段中的 django UniqueConstraint 错误（sendgrid 验证电子邮件）

Question

我正在尝试对我的 django 项目实施 sendgrid 电子邮件验证。 我一直在关注https://www.twilio.com/blog/send-dynamic-emails-python-twilio-sendgrid 教程。我有相应的模型和视图设置但是，我在尝试使用相同的电子邮件地址两次时遇到了 UniqueConstraint 错误（尽管我的模型将电子邮件字段设置为唯一 = True）。而不是得到 UniqueConstraint 错误，我希望该应用程序只是为了防止用户添加相同的电子邮件两次。我尝试使用cleaned_data 作为表单，但无论如何我都无法通过这个UniqueConstraint 错误。

我的错误： 异常类型：IntegrityError 异常值：
UNIQUE 约束失败：newsletter_newsletteruser.email

我的models.py：

from django.db import models

class NewsletterUser (models.Model):
    email= models.EmailField(unique=True)
    date_added = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    conf_num = models.CharField(max_length=15)
    confirmed = models.BooleanField(default=False)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.email + " (" + ("not " if not self.confirmed else "") + "confirmed)"

我的 admin.py

from .models import NewsletterUser, MailMessage


# Register your models here.
class NewsletterAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ('email','date_added','conf_num', 'confirmed')

admin.site.register(NewsletterUser, NewsletterAdmin)
admin.site.register(MailMessage)

我的意见.py

from django.db.models.fields import EmailField
from django.shortcuts import render, redirect
from sendgrid.helpers.mail.bcc_email import Bcc
from django.http import HttpResponse
from .forms import NewsletterUserForm, MailMessageForm
from django.contrib import messages
from django.contrib.auth.decorators import login_required
import os
from sendgrid import SendGridAPIClient
from sendgrid.helpers.mail import Mail, Email, Content, To
from .models import NewsletterUser
from django import forms
import pandas as pd
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.conf import settings
from django.views.decorators.csrf import csrf_exempt
import random
from sendgrid import SendGridAPIClient

# Create your views here.

#!REGISTER CURRENT HOST!
host = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/'

# Helper Functions
def random_digits():
    return "%0.12d" % random.randint(0, 999999999999)

@csrf_exempt
def newsletters(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        sub = NewsletterUser(email=request.POST['email'], conf_num=random_digits())
        sub.save()
        message = Mail(
            from_email='pasiekaradosc@gmail.com',
            to_emails=sub.email,
            subject='Potwierdzenie Adresu Email w Newsletterze Pasieka Radość',
            html_content= "<h1>Dziękujemy za zapisanie się do newslettera Pasieka Radość!<h1> \
                <h2>Aby potwierdzić rejestrację newslettera</h2> \
                <h2><a href='{}confirm/?email={}&conf_num={}'> Kliknij w poniższy link</a>.<h2>".format(request.build_absolute_uri(host),
                                                    sub.email,
                                                    sub.conf_num))
        sg = SendGridAPIClient(os.environ.get('SENDGRID_API_KEY'))
        response = sg.send(message)
        return render(request, 'newsletter/newsletter.html', {'email': sub.email, 'action': 'wysłano', 'form': NewsletterUserForm()})
    else:
        return render(request, 'newsletter/newsletter.html', {'form': NewsletterUserForm()})

def confirm(request):
    sub = NewsletterUser.objects.get(email=request.GET['email'])
    if sub.conf_num == request.GET['conf_num']:
        sub.confirmed = True
        sub.save()
        messages.success(request, f'Dziękujemy za zapisanie adresu email do naszego newslettera!')
        return render(request, 'pages/home.html' , {'email': sub.email, 'action': 'confirmed'})

我的表单.py

from django import forms
from .models import NewsletterUser, MailMessage


class NewsletterUserForm (forms.ModelForm):
    email = forms.EmailField(label='Twój email',
                             max_length=100,
                             widget=forms.EmailInput(attrs={'class': 'form-control'}))
    
    class Meta:
        model = NewsletterUser
        fields = ['email']

我的 html 模板 (newsletter.html)

{% extends "base.html" %}
{% load crispy_forms_tags %}

{% block content%}

<h1> {{title}} </h1>
<h4>Zapisz się do newslettera i odbieraj najświeższe informacje dotyczące naszej pasieki i oferty.</h4>
<div class="col-12">

    {% if email %}
    <p class="alert alert-info">Na {{ email }} {{ action }} wiadomość weryfikacyjną. Otwórz wiadomość i kliknij w link aby dodać adres do newslettera. </p>
    {% endif %}

<form method="POST" autocomplete="off">
    {% csrf_token %}
        <div class="col-sm-4">
            {{form|crispy}}
        </div>
    <br>
    <div class="col-sm-4">
        <input class="btn btn-info" type='submit' value='Zapisz Się'>
    </div>

</form>
<br>
<div class="row">
    <div class="col-sm-4">
        <p>Spokojnie, nie będziemy wysyłać Ci tony niepotrzebnych wiadomości. Zapisz się do newslettera i dowiedz się pierwszy/pierwsza, kiedy w naszej pasiecie pojawi się nowa dostawa miodów lub innych interesujących produktów.</p>
    </div>

</div>
 
  
    
</div>

{% endblock content %}

我对 django 和 sendgrid 还是很陌生，所以这让我想知道是否需要以某种方式完全重建我的代码，或者我可以采取一些步骤让它像上面那样工作。如果有任何提示，请分享。谢谢

Answer 1

这里是 Twilio SendGrid 开发人员宣传员。

我相信 Django 在这里表现得和预期一样。来自the Django documentation：

如果您尝试在唯一字段中保存具有重复值的模型，模型的 save() 方法将引发 django.db.IntegrityError。

您需要做的是捕获 IntegrityError，然后将错误返回给用户。

@csrf_exempt
def newsletters(request):
    if request.method == 'POST':
        sub = NewsletterUser(email=request.POST['email'], conf_num=random_digits())
        try:
            sub.save()
            message = Mail(
                from_email='pasiekaradosc@gmail.com',
                to_emails=sub.email,
                subject='Potwierdzenie Adresu Email w Newsletterze Pasieka Radość',
                html_content= "<h1>Dziękujemy za zapisanie się do newslettera Pasieka Radość!<h1> \
                    <h2>Aby potwierdzić rejestrację newslettera</h2> \
                    <h2><a href='{}confirm/?email={}&conf_num={}'> Kliknij w poniższy link</a>.<h2>".format(request.build_absolute_uri(host),
                                                        sub.email,
                                                        sub.conf_num))
            sg = SendGridAPIClient(os.environ.get('SENDGRID_API_KEY'))
            response = sg.send(message)
            return render(request, 'newsletter/newsletter.html', {'email': sub.email, 'action': 'wysłano', 'form': NewsletterUserForm()})
      except IntegrityError as ex:
          # Return the error to your user
    else:
        return render(request, 'newsletter/newsletter.html', {'form': NewsletterUserForm()})

我已经在上面的代码中添加了try/except，当电子邮件不是唯一的时候，你需要在except块中填写做什么。