无法运行 rspec（未定义的方法 `belongs_to'）答案

【问题标题】：Cannot run rspec (undefined method `belongs_to')无法运行 rspec（未定义的方法 `belongs_to'）
【发布时间】：2014-07-11 12:20:20
【问题描述】：

更新 - 2015-12-09

我正在使用带有 ruby 2.2.3 的 Rails 4.2.4。

这是我的 spec_helper.rb 文件（由生成器生成）：

RSpec.configure do |config|
  require 'rails/all'
  require 'json_spec'
  require 'devise'
  require 'rspec/rails'

  config.infer_spec_type_from_file_location!

  config.include JsonSpec::Helpers
  config.include Devise::TestHelpers, type: :request

  config.include Devise::TestHelpers, type: :controller # https://github.com/plataformatec/devise#test-helpers

  config.expect_with :rspec do |expectations|
    expectations.include_chain_clauses_in_custom_matcher_descriptions = true
  end

  config.mock_with :rspec do |mocks|
    mocks.verify_partial_doubles = true
  end
end

这是我的 rails_helper.rb：

ENV['RAILS_ENV'] ||= 'test'
require File.expand_path('../../config/environment', __FILE__)

abort('The Rails environment is running in production mode!') if Rails.env.production?

# ADDED BY AS #
require 'support/database_cleaner'
require 'yarjuf'
# END OF ADDED BY AS #

require 'spec_helper'
require 'rspec/rails'

# ADDED BY AS #
if ENV['COVERAGE']
  require 'simplecov'
  require 'simplecov-csv'
  SimpleCov.formatter = SimpleCov::Formatter::CSVFormatter
  SimpleCov.coverage_dir(ENV['COVERAGE_REPORTS'])
  SimpleCov.start 'rails'
end
# END OF ADDED BY AS #

ActiveRecord::Migration.maintain_test_schema!

RSpec.configure do |config|
  config.fixture_path = "#{::Rails.root}/spec/fixtures"

  config.use_transactional_fixtures = true

  config.infer_spec_type_from_file_location!

  config.filter_rails_from_backtrace!
end

在Gemfile:

source 'https://rubygems.org'
ruby '2.2.3'
# ruby '2.1.0', :engine => 'rbx', :engine_version => '2.2.6' #rubinius
# ruby '1.9.3', engine: 'jruby', engine_version: '1.7.10'

source 'https://be79af0d:c5a6f6bd@gems.contribsys.com/' do
  gem 'sidekiq-pro', '>= 3'
end

gem 'mime-types',               '>= 2.6', require: 'mime/types/columnar'
gem 'activerecord-import'
gem 'aasm',                     '~> 4.5.0'
gem 'activerecord-colored_log_subscriber'
gem 'aws-sdk-v1'                # Needed by paperclip @ v4.2.1, consider the removal after paperclip gem updates will support awk-sdk v2.
gem 'aws-sdk',                  '~> 2'
gem 'active_model_serializers'
gem 'ancestry',                 '~> 2.1.0' # Gestione delle gerarchie ad albero
gem 'auxilium',                 path: 'engines/auxilium'
gem 'barby',                    '~> 0.6.1' # Codice a barre
gem 'bootstrap-kaminari-views', '~> 0.0.5'
gem 'cancancan',                '~> 1.13'
gem 'crummy',                   '~> 1.8.0'
gem 'dalli'
gem 'devise',                  '~> 3.5.0'
gem 'devise_security_extension'
gem 'devise-async',            '~> 0.10.1'
gem 'email_validator',          '>= 1.5.0'
gem 'flipclockjs-rails',        '~> 0.7.4', git: 'https://github.com/knightq/flipclockjs-rails.git'
gem 'font_assets'
gem 'google_visualr',           '~> 2.5.1' # Grafici
gem 'hamlit-rails'
gem 'hirefire-resource',        '~> 0.3.8'
gem 'htmlentities',             '~> 4.3.4', require: false
gem 'ice_cube',                 '~> 0.12.1' # Ricorrenze
gem 'jhtmlarea',                '~> 0.1.0' # formattazione testo
gem 'kaminari',                 '~> 0.16.2'
gem 'mailboxer',                '~> 0.13.0' # Messaggistica interna
gem 'memcachier'
gem 'mini_magick',              '~> 4.3.4', require: false
gem 'newrelic_rpm'
gem 'paperclip',                '~> 4.3'
gem 'paginate_alphabetically',  '~> 0.3.3', git: 'https://github.com/edendevelopment/paginate_alphabetically.git', branch: 'bundler'
gem 'paper_trail',              '~> 4.0.0' # Record versioning
gem 'pdfkit',                   '~> 0.8.2'
gem 'pg',                       '~> 0.18.4' # PostgreSql
gem 'heroku-api', require: false
gem 'prawn',                    '~> 1.0.0'
gem 'prawn-print'
gem 'prawn-svg',                '~> 0.22'
gem 'prawn-templates',          '~> 0.0.3'
gem 'rack-attack'
gem 'rails',                    '~> 4.2.4'
gem 'rails-jquery-autocomplete'
gem 'rainbow',                  '~> 2.0.0', require: false
gem 'ransack',                  '~> 1.7.0' # Ricerche
gem 'render_anywhere',          '~> 0.0.12' # Gemma per il rendering di view in workers
gem 'responders',               '~> 2.0'
gem 'rollbar',                  '~> 2.6'  # Gestione eccezioni
gem 'rqrcode',                  '~> 0.7.0' # Codice QR
gem 'savon',                    '~> 2.0'
gem 'scout_apm'
gem 'sinatra',                  '>= 1.3.0', require: nil
# gem 'sidekiq',                  '>= 3.3.2'
gem 'sidekiq-limit_fetch',      '>= 3.0.1'
gem 'sidekiq-status',           '~> 0.5.1'
gem 'sidekiq-statistic',        '~> 1.2'
gem 'sorted',                   '~> 2.0.3'
gem 'sorted-actionview',        '~> 0.0.1'
gem 'sorted-activerecord',      '~> 0.1.2'
gem 'switch_user',              '~> 1.2.0'
gem 'jc-validates_timeliness',  '~> 3.0'
gem 'when_easter',              '~> 0.3.1' # Calcolo pasqua
gem 'wicked',                   '~> 1.2.1' # Wizards
gem 'wkhtmltopdf-binary',       '~> 0.9.9.1'
gem 'rubyzip', require: false
gem 'ruby-progressbar', require: false
gem 'templatar'
gem 'tunemygc'
gem 'rqrcode-rails3'
gem 'strip_attributes'
gem 'analytics-ruby', '~> 2.0.0', require: 'segment/analytics'
gem 'activerecord-session_store', '~> 0.1.2'
gem 'jquery-ui-themes',         '~> 1.11.4', git: 'https://github.com/knightq/jquery-ui-themes-rails.git', branch: 'jquery-ui-1.11.x'
# Rubinius-test dependencies
# gem 'racc', platform: :rbx
# gem 'rubysl', platform: :rbx

# jruby-test dependencies
# gem 'activerecord-jdbcpostgresql-adapter'
# gem 'rmagick4j'

# TODO: Test rubinius and jruby with puma

group :production, :staging do
  # gem 'unicorn',                  '~> 4.7.0'
  gem 'kgio'
  gem 'puma',                    '~> 2.15.3'
  gem 'rack-cache'
  gem 'rails_12factor' # see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/9027403/rails-2-3-style-plugins-and-deprecation-warnings-running-task-in-heroku
end

gem 'bootstrap-sass',            '~> 2.3.2.2'
gem 'chosen-rails',              '~> 1.4.3'
gem 'coffee-rails',              '~> 4.1.0'
gem 'momentjs-rails'
gem 'fullcalendar-rails',        '~> 2.5.0'
gem 'jquery_context_menu-rails', '~> 0.0.4'
gem 'jquery-fileupload-rails',   '~> 0.4.1'
gem 'jquery-rails',              '~> 4.0.5'
gem 'jquery-ui-rails'
gem 'jqgrid-jquery-rails'
gem 'sass-rails',                '~> 5.0.4'
gem 'sprockets'
gem 'select2-rails',             '~> 3.5.9.3'
gem 'uglifier',                  '~> 2.7.2'
gem 'jquery-infinite-pages',     '~> 0.2.0'

group :development   do
  # gem 'better_errors'
  # gem 'binding_of_caller'
  gem 'derailed'
  gem 'bullet'
  gem 'web-console',               '~> 2.0'
  gem 'hirb',                      '~> 0.7.1'
  gem 'hub', require: false
  gem 'i18n_yaml_sorter'
  gem 'meta_request'
  gem 'quiet_assets'
  gem 'peek'
  gem 'peek-rblineprof'
  gem 'peek-git'
  gem 'peek-gc'
  gem 'peek-performance_bar'
  gem 'peek-pg'
  gem 'pygments.rb', require: false
  # gem 'rack-mini-profiler'
  gem 'rubocop'
  gem 'spring'
  gem 'stackprof'
  gem 'thin'
  gem 'traceroute' # find the dead routes and actions, see: https://github.com/amatsuda/traceroute
end

group :staging do
  gem 'httplog'
end

group :doc do
  # bundle exec rake doc:rails generates the API under doc/api.
  gem 'sdoc', require: false
end

group :development, :test do
  gem 'capybara', '~> 2.5.0'
  gem 'database_cleaner'
  gem 'factory_girl_rails', '~> 4.0'
  gem 'jasmine-rails'
  gem 'pry-rails'
  gem 'pry-nav'
  gem 'rspec-rails', '~> 3.4.0'
  gem 'seed-fu', '~> 2.3'
end

group :test do
  gem 'yarjuf'
  gem 'json_spec', require: false
  gem 'simplecov', require: false
  gem 'simplecov-csv', require: false
end

到目前为止，我在 /spec/models/my_model_spec.rb 上只有一个规范类：

require 'rails_helper'

describe MyModel do

end

服务器启动并正常运行，但是当我尝试启动 bundle exec rspec spec o 甚至只是 rspec spec 我得到：

/Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rack-1.6.4/lib/rack/builder.rb:146:in `to_app': missing run or map statement (RuntimeError)
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rack-1.6.4/lib/rack/builder.rb:160:in `block in generate_map'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rack-1.6.4/lib/rack/builder.rb:160:in `each'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rack-1.6.4/lib/rack/builder.rb:160:in `generate_map'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rack-1.6.4/lib/rack/builder.rb:145:in `to_app'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/capybara-2.5.0/lib/capybara/rails.rb:13:in `<top (required)>'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activesupport-4.2.4/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:274:in `require'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activesupport-4.2.4/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:274:in `block in require'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activesupport-4.2.4/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:240:in `load_dependency'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activesupport-4.2.4/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:274:in `require'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-rails-3.4.0/lib/rspec/rails/vendor/capybara.rb:7:in `<top (required)>'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activesupport-4.2.4/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:274:in `require'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activesupport-4.2.4/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:274:in `block in require'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activesupport-4.2.4/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:240:in `load_dependency'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activesupport-4.2.4/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:274:in `require'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-rails-3.4.0/lib/rspec/rails.rb:13:in `<top (required)>'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activesupport-4.2.4/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:274:in `require'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activesupport-4.2.4/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:274:in `block in require'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activesupport-4.2.4/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:240:in `load_dependency'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/activesupport-4.2.4/lib/active_support/dependencies.rb:274:in `require'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/Development/epersonam/spec/spec_helper.rb:23:in `block in <top (required)>'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.4.1/lib/rspec/core.rb:97:in `configure'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/Development/epersonam/spec/spec_helper.rb:19:in `<top (required)>'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.4.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration.rb:1295:in `require'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.4.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration.rb:1295:in `block in requires='
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.4.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration.rb:1295:in `each'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.4.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration.rb:1295:in `requires='
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.4.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration_options.rb:109:in `block in process_options_into'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.4.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration_options.rb:108:in `each'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.4.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration_options.rb:108:in `process_options_into'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.4.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration_options.rb:21:in `configure'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.4.1/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:101:in `setup'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.4.1/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:88:in `run'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.4.1/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:73:in `run'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.4.1/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:41:in `invoke'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/lib/ruby/gems/2.2.0/gems/rspec-core-3.4.1/exe/rspec:4:in `<top (required)>'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/bin/rspec:23:in `load'
    from /Users/andreasalicetti/.rbenv/versions/2.2.3/bin/rspec:23:in `<main>'

【问题讨论】：

尝试将 require 'rubygems' 添加到您的 spec_helper 的顶部。
rspec spec/models/my_model_spec.rb 不起作用？
不，它不起作用。它在启动时崩溃，正好在require File.expand_path('../../config/environment', __FILE__)
您能否尝试在您的 Gemfile 中注释掉 papertrail gem 并运行 bundle install，然后再尝试 rspec。只是为了确认您的问题是专门针对 papertrail gem 还是 rspec。如果可行，请尝试将 papertrail 升级到最新版本 (3.0.2)
错误明显是与gem有关。那么如果排除 gem，错误会如何变化？

标签： ruby-on-rails ruby-on-rails-4 rspec

【解决方案1】：

请尝试删除以下一行或两行：

require File.expand_path("../../config/environment", __FILE__)
require 'rspec/autorun'

没有它们，我的 RSpec 运行良好。

【讨论】：

【解决方案2】：

问题不在于宝石本身，而在于加载的顺序。请将规范助手的顶部行更改为：

ENV["RAILS_ENV"] ||= 'test'
require 'rubygems'
require 'rspec/rails'
require 'rspec/autorun'
require File.expand_path("../../config/environment", __FILE__)

基本上，我认为您正在尝试在 rubygems 和其他依赖项之前加载应用程序，这可能是 @dankohn 的回答失败的原因。

【讨论】：

不，我也尝试过这种方式，但它在第 4 行 (require 'rspec/rails') 上引发错误：/.rbenv/versions/2.1.5/lib/ruby/gems/ 2.1.0/gems/actionpack-4.0.12/lib/action_view/template.rb:8:in `
"actionpack-4.0.12" 但你说你使用的是 Rails 3.2？那里有问题，应该是3.x。你已经运行bundle 对吗？我在想你的 rbenv / bundler 配置可能有问题

【解决方案3】：

在您使用Version 的任何地方，在您的代码中将Version 替换为PaperTrail::Version。

【讨论】：

不，不幸的是，这不是关于类名的错误：这是关于类加载...

【解决方案4】：

使用这个宝石shoulda-matchers

为关联编写 rspec 是最好的 gem 之一

【讨论】：

【解决方案5】：

在您的 Gemfile 中，大多数 gem 都固定为一个版本，rails gem 也是如此。但是 rspec 和 pry 不是固定的，因此需要更新。可能找出你的 rspec 的初始版本是什么，在 gemfile 中修复它并运行 bundle install 会有所帮助。

如果您没有明确卸载 gems，gem list 会显示较早的版本。

【讨论】：

不，我们习惯于在更新时检查每个 gem（而且我们从不直接运行 bundle update）。这不是 rspec 的问题。
@AndreaSalicetti，您的 railties gem 的版本是什么（gem list）？应该是~> 3.0
4.2.4，我在 Rails 4.2.4
您是否尝试过创建作用域 binstub？ $ bundle install --binstubs $ bin/rspec spec/models
是的，即使bundle exec rspec 也应该这样做。但是，不幸的是，它不起作用...... :-(