【问题标题】:is there a way to check similarity between two full sentences in python?有没有办法检查python中两个完整句子之间的相似性?
【发布时间】:2021-03-19 18:42:44
【问题描述】:

我在这里做一个像这样的项目: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dovB8uSUUXE&feature=youtu.be 但我遇到了麻烦,因为我需要检查句子之间的相似性,例如: 如果用户说:'那个人穿红色 T 恤' 而不是 '那个男孩穿红色 T 恤' 我想要一种方法来检查这两个句子之间的相似性,而不必检查每个单词之间的相似性 有没有办法在 python 中做到这一点?

我正在尝试寻找一种方法来检查两个句子之间的相似性。

【问题讨论】:

标签: python deep-learning nlp nltk sentence-similarity


【解决方案1】:

下面的大多数库应该是语义相似度比较的不错选择。您可以通过使用这些库中的预训练模型生成单词或句子向量来跳过直接的单词比较。

与Spacy的句子相似度

必须先加载所需的模型。

如需使用en_core_web_md,请使用python -m spacy download en_core_web_md 下载。对于使用en_core_web_lg,请使用python -m spacy download en_core_web_lg。

大型模型的写入约为 830mb 并且速度很慢,因此中型模型可能是一个不错的选择。

https://spacy.io/usage/vectors-similarity/

代码:

import spacy
nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_lg")
#nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_md")


doc1 = nlp(u'the person wear red T-shirt')
doc2 = nlp(u'this person is walking')
doc3 = nlp(u'the boy wear red T-shirt')


print(doc1.similarity(doc2)) 
print(doc1.similarity(doc3))
print(doc2.similarity(doc3)) 

输出:

0.7003971105290047
0.9671912343259517
0.6121211244876517

与Sentence Transformers的句子相似度

https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers

https://www.sbert.net/docs/usage/semantic_textual_similarity.html

使用pip install -U sentence-transformers 安装。这个生成句子嵌入。

代码:

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
model = SentenceTransformer('distilbert-base-nli-mean-tokens')

sentences = [
    'the person wear red T-shirt',
    'this person is walking',
    'the boy wear red T-shirt'
    ]
sentence_embeddings = model.encode(sentences)

for sentence, embedding in zip(sentences, sentence_embeddings):
    print("Sentence:", sentence)
    print("Embedding:", embedding)
    print("")

输出:

Sentence: the person wear red T-shirt
Embedding: [ 1.31643847e-01 -4.20616418e-01 ... 8.13076794e-01 -4.64620918e-01]

Sentence: this person is walking
Embedding: [-3.52878094e-01 -5.04286848e-02 ... -2.36091137e-01 -6.77282438e-02]

Sentence: the boy wear red T-shirt
Embedding: [-2.36365378e-01 -8.49713564e-01 ... 1.06414437e+00 -2.70157874e-01]

现在嵌入向量可用于计算各种相似度指标。

代码:

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer, util
print(util.pytorch_cos_sim(sentence_embeddings[0], sentence_embeddings[1]))
print(util.pytorch_cos_sim(sentence_embeddings[0], sentence_embeddings[2]))
print(util.pytorch_cos_sim(sentence_embeddings[1], sentence_embeddings[2]))

输出:

tensor([[0.4644]])
tensor([[0.9070]])
tensor([[0.3276]])

scipy 和 pytorch 也一样,

代码:

from scipy.spatial import distance
print(1 - distance.cosine(sentence_embeddings[0], sentence_embeddings[1]))
print(1 - distance.cosine(sentence_embeddings[0], sentence_embeddings[2]))
print(1 - distance.cosine(sentence_embeddings[1], sentence_embeddings[2]))

输出:

0.4643629193305969
0.9069876074790955
0.3275738060474396

代码:

import torch.nn
cos = torch.nn.CosineSimilarity(dim=0, eps=1e-6)
b = torch.from_numpy(sentence_embeddings)
print(cos(b[0], b[1]))
print(cos(b[0], b[2]))
print(cos(b[1], b[2]))

输出:

tensor(0.4644)
tensor(0.9070)
tensor(0.3276)

与TFHub Universal Sentence Encoder的句子相似度

https://tfhub.dev/google/universal-sentence-encoder/4

https://colab.research.google.com/github/tensorflow/hub/blob/master/examples/colab/semantic_similarity_with_tf_hub_universal_encoder.ipynb

这个模型非常大,大约 1GB,看起来比其他模型慢。这也会为句子生成嵌入。

代码:

import tensorflow_hub as hub

embed = hub.load("https://tfhub.dev/google/universal-sentence-encoder/4")
embeddings = embed([
    "the person wear red T-shirt",
    "this person is walking",
    "the boy wear red T-shirt"
    ])

print(embeddings)

输出:

tf.Tensor(
[[ 0.063188    0.07063895 -0.05998802 ... -0.01409875  0.01863449
   0.01505797]
 [-0.06786212  0.01993554  0.03236153 ...  0.05772103  0.01787272
   0.01740014]
 [ 0.05379306  0.07613157 -0.05256693 ... -0.01256405  0.0213196
  -0.00262441]], shape=(3, 512), dtype=float32)

代码:

from scipy.spatial import distance
print(1 - distance.cosine(embeddings[0], embeddings[1]))
print(1 - distance.cosine(embeddings[0], embeddings[2]))
print(1 - distance.cosine(embeddings[1], embeddings[2]))

输出:

0.15320375561714172
0.8592830896377563
0.09080004692077637

其他句子嵌入库

https://github.com/facebookresearch/InferSent

https://github.com/Tiiiger/bert_score

此图显示方法,

资源

How to compute the similarity between two text documents?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosine_similarity#Angular_distance_and_similarity

https://towardsdatascience.com/word-distance-between-word-embeddings-cc3e9cf1d632

https://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy-0.14.0/reference/generated/scipy.spatial.distance.cosine.html

https://www.tensorflow.org/api_docs/python/tf/keras/losses/CosineSimilarity

https://nlp.town/blog/sentence-similarity/

【讨论】:

  • 谢谢。哪一个对句子长度不太敏感?例如,句子 A 是句子 B 的一部分,只有很少的不同单词。
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