如何访问超出类范围的变量？

Question

我正在尝试编写一个 JavaFX 数独程序，用户可以通过以下方式填充单元格：

1. 单击九个按钮之一（对应于 1-9）
2. 单击其中一个单元格

代码的工作方式是，当单击按钮时，与该按钮对应的 int 被分配给selectedNum。当单击单元格时，单元格会将其文本分配给selectedNum。但是，这就是问题所在——在 Cell 构造函数中实现 setOnAction 函数。 Cell 无法访问 selectedNum。当 selectedNum 是一个超出其类范围的变量时，如何传递？

细胞类：

import javafx.event.EventHandler;
import javafx.scene.Node;
import javafx.scene.input.MouseEvent;
import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
import javafx.scene.paint.Color;
import javafx.scene.shape.Rectangle;
import javafx.scene.text.Font;
import javafx.scene.text.Text;

/**
 * The Cell class inherits StackPane, representing one of the cells in Sudoku.
 * @author rkuni
 *
 */
public class Cell extends StackPane{
    
    private Text text; //displays the number inside the cell
    private Rectangle rect; //visual element for the cell
    
    /**
     * Default Constructor for Cell
     */
    public Cell() {
        text = new Text("");
        text.setFont(Font.font(30));
        rect = new Rectangle(50, 50);
        rect.setStyle("-fx-fill: white; -fx-stroke: black; -fx-stroke-width: 1;");
        this.getChildren().add(rect);
        this.getChildren().add(text);
        
        this.setOnMouseClicked(new EventHandler<MouseEvent>() { 
            @Override
            public void handle(MouseEvent t) {
                text.setText("" + 1); //when clicked, I want to set text to the number that is selected.
            }
        });
    }
}

主类

import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.event.ActionEvent;
import javafx.event.EventHandler;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Group;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;
import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane;
import javafx.scene.text.Font;

public class Main extends Application {
    
    private int selectedNum = 0;
    
    @Override
    public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
        try {
            
            Group root = new Group();
            Cell cell1 = new Cell();
            cell1.setLayoutX(100);
            cell1.setLayoutY(100);
            root.getChildren().add(cell1);
            
            Button numSelection[] = new Button[9];
            for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
                final int j = i; 
                numSelection[i] = new Button("" + (i + 1));
                numSelection[i].setLayoutY((i / 3) * 55 + 200);
                numSelection[i].setLayoutX((i % 3) * 55 + 630);
                numSelection[i].setMinHeight(50);
                numSelection[i].setMinWidth(50);
                numSelection[i].setFont(Font.font(20));
                root.getChildren().add(numSelection[i]);

                numSelection[i].setOnAction(new EventHandler<ActionEvent>() {
                    @Override
                    public void handle(ActionEvent arg0) {
                        selectedNum = j + 1;
                    }
                });
            }
            
            Scene scene = new Scene(root,900,500);
            primaryStage.setScene(scene);
            primaryStage.show();
            
        } catch(Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        launch(args);
    }
}

可能的解决方案

一个潜在的解决方案是根本没有 Cell 类，并且代码可以工作。问题不再存在，因为所有变量都在同一范围内。但是，我想保留 Cell 类，因为它使代码更有条理。反正就是这样：

import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.event.ActionEvent;
import javafx.event.EventHandler;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
import javafx.scene.Group;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;
import javafx.scene.input.MouseEvent;
import javafx.scene.layout.StackPane;
import javafx.scene.paint.Color;
import javafx.scene.shape.Rectangle;
import javafx.scene.text.Font;
import javafx.scene.text.Text;


public class Main extends Application {
    
    private int selectedNum; //will take the value of the last pressed button (1-9)
    
    @Override
    public void start(Stage primaryStage) {
        try {
            Group root = new Group();
            
            //setting up a stackpane that will contain a rect and text, making for a "cell"
            StackPane stack1 = new StackPane();
            Text text1 = new Text("");
            Rectangle rect1 = new Rectangle(50,50);
            rect1.setStyle("-fx-fill: white; -fx-stroke: black; -fx-stroke-width: 1;");
            stack1.getChildren().add(text1);
            stack1.getChildren().add(rect1);
            stack1.setLayoutX(100);
            stack1.setLayoutY(100);
            stack1.setOnMouseClicked(new EventHandler<MouseEvent>() { 
                @Override
                public void handle(MouseEvent t) {
                    text1.setText("" + selectedNum); //when clicked, set text to the number that is selected.
                }
            });
            
            //setting up the buttons that will designate which number will go into the cell.
            Button numButtons[] = new Button[9];
            for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
                final int j = i;
                numButtons[i] = new Button("" + (i + 1));
                numButtons[i].setLayoutY((i / 3) * 55 + 200);
                numButtons[i].setLayoutX((i % 3) * 55 + 630);
                numButtons[i].setMinHeight(50);
                numButtons[i].setMinWidth(50);
                numButtons[i].setFont(Font.font(20));
                root.getChildren().add(numButtons[i]);

                numButtons[i].setOnAction(new EventHandler<ActionEvent>() {
                    @Override
                    public void handle(ActionEvent arg0) {
                        selectedNum = j + 1;
                    }
                });
            }
            
            text1.toFront();
            root.getChildren().add(stack1);
            Scene scene = new Scene(root,900,500);
            primaryStage.setScene(scene);
            primaryStage.show();
            
        } catch(Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        launch(args);
    }
}

我也考虑过重写函数来添加参数，但还没有成功。

Answer 1

此类事情的（或多或少）标准方法是使用某种 MVC 设计模式的变体。这里的关键是要有一个单独的类（“模型”）来保存数据；然后，您可以将该类的单个实例传递给需要访问它的任何参与者。

public class Model {

    private int currentlySelectedValue ;

    // probably other properties here...

    public void setCurrentlySelectedValue(int value) {
        currentlySelectedValue = value ;
    }

    public int getCurrentlySelectedValue() {
        return currentlySelectedValue ;
    }
}

那么你可以这样做：

public class Cell extends StackPane{

    private final Model model ;
    
    private Text text; //displays the number inside the cell
    private Rectangle rect; //visual element for the cell
    
    /**
     * Default Constructor for Cell
     */
    public Cell(Model model) {
        this.model = model ;
        text = new Text("");
        text.setFont(Font.font(30));
        rect = new Rectangle(50, 50);
        rect.setStyle("-fx-fill: white; -fx-stroke: black; -fx-stroke-width: 1;");
        this.getChildren().add(rect);
        this.getChildren().add(text);
        
        this.setOnMouseClicked(new EventHandler<MouseEvent>() { 
            @Override
            public void handle(MouseEvent t) {
                text.setText("" + model.getCurrentlySelectedValue()); 
            }
        });
    }
}

和

public class Main extends Application {
    
    private int selectedNum = 0;
    
    @Override
    public void start(Stage primaryStage) {

        Model model = new Model();

        try {
            
            Group root = new Group();
            Cell cell1 = new Cell(model);
            cell1.setLayoutX(100);
            cell1.setLayoutY(100);
            root.getChildren().add(cell1);
            
            Button numSelection[] = new Button[9];
            for (int i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
                final int j = i + 1; 
                numSelection[i] = new Button("" + j);
                numSelection[i].setLayoutY((i / 3) * 55 + 200);
                numSelection[i].setLayoutX((i % 3) * 55 + 630);
                numSelection[i].setMinHeight(50);
                numSelection[i].setMinWidth(50);
                numSelection[i].setFont(Font.font(20));
                root.getChildren().add(numSelection[i]);

                numSelection[i].setOnAction(new EventHandler<ActionEvent>() {
                    @Override
                    public void handle(ActionEvent arg0) {
                        model.setCurrentlySelectedValue(j);
                    }
                });
            }
            
            Scene scene = new Scene(root,900,500);
            primaryStage.setScene(scene);
            primaryStage.show();
            
        } catch(Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        launch(args);
    }
}

请注意，如果您只需要一个值，则可以使用一些“捷径”方法；例如您可以使用 IntegerProperty 而不是自定义模型类。结构和概念其实是一样的。