如何使用 JUnit 测试我的 servlet

Question

我已经使用 Java Servlet 创建了一个 Web 系统，现在想进行 JUnit 测试。我的dataManager 只是将其提交到数据库的一段基本代码。您将如何使用 JUnit 测试 Servlet？

我的代码示例允许用户注册/注册，它是通过 AJAX 从我的主页提交的：

public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) 
         throws ServletException, IOException{

    // Get parameters
    String userName = request.getParameter("username");
    String password = request.getParameter("password");
    String name = request.getParameter("name");

    try {

        // Load the database driver
        Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

        //pass reg details to datamanager       
        dataManager = new DataManager();
        //store result as string
        String result = dataManager.register(userName, password, name);

        //set response to html + no cache
        response.setContentType("text/html");
        response.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
        //send response with register result
        response.getWriter().write(result);

    } catch(Exception e){
        System.out.println("Exception is :" + e);
    }  
}

Answer 1

您可以使用Mockito 执行此操作，让模拟返回正确的参数，验证它们确实被调用（可选地指定次数），写入“结果”并验证它是否正确。

import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.*;
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.junit.Test;

public class TestMyServlet extends Mockito{

    @Test
    public void testServlet() throws Exception {
        HttpServletRequest request = mock(HttpServletRequest.class);       
        HttpServletResponse response = mock(HttpServletResponse.class);    

        when(request.getParameter("username")).thenReturn("me");
        when(request.getParameter("password")).thenReturn("secret");

        StringWriter stringWriter = new StringWriter();
        PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(stringWriter);
        when(response.getWriter()).thenReturn(writer);

        new MyServlet().doPost(request, response);

        verify(request, atLeast(1)).getParameter("username"); // only if you want to verify username was called...
        writer.flush(); // it may not have been flushed yet...
        assertTrue(stringWriter.toString().contains("My expected string"));
    }
}

Answer 2

首先，在真正的应用程序中，您永远不会在 servlet 中获得数据库连接信息；你可以在你的应用服务器中配置它。

但是，有一些方法可以在不运行容器的情况下测试 Servlet。一种是使用模拟对象。 Spring 为 HttpServletRequest、HttpServletResponse、HttpServletSession 等提供了一组非常有用的模拟：

http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/3.0.x/api/org/springframework/mock/web/package-summary.html

使用这些模拟，您可以测试诸如

如果用户名不在请求中会怎样？

如果用户名在请求中会发生什么？

等

然后您可以执行以下操作：

import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;

import java.io.IOException;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.mock.web.MockHttpServletRequest;
import org.springframework.mock.web.MockHttpServletResponse;

public class MyServletTest {
    private MyServlet servlet;
    private MockHttpServletRequest request;
    private MockHttpServletResponse response;

    @Before
    public void setUp() {
        servlet = new MyServlet();
        request = new MockHttpServletRequest();
        response = new MockHttpServletResponse();
    }

    @Test
    public void correctUsernameInRequest() throws ServletException, IOException {
        request.addParameter("username", "scott");
        request.addParameter("password", "tiger");

        servlet.doPost(request, response);

        assertEquals("text/html", response.getContentType());

        // ... etc
    }
}

Answer 3

我发现 Selenium 测试对于集成或功能（端到端）测试更有用。我正在尝试使用 org.springframework.mock.web，但我并没有走得太远。我正在附加一个带有 jMock 测试套件的示例控制器。

首先，控制器：

package com.company.admin.web;

import javax.validation.Valid;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.Model;
import org.springframework.validation.BindingResult;
import org.springframework.validation.ObjectError;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ModelAttribute;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.SessionAttributes;
import org.springframework.web.bind.support.SessionStatus;

import com.company.admin.domain.PaymentDetail;
import com.company.admin.service.PaymentSearchService;
import com.company.admin.service.UserRequestAuditTrail;
import com.company.admin.web.form.SearchCriteria;

/**
 * Controls the interactions regarding to the refunds.
 * 
 * @author slgelma
 *
 */
@Controller
@SessionAttributes({"user", "authorization"})
public class SearchTransactionController {

    public static final String SEARCH_TRANSACTION_PAGE = "searchtransaction";

    private PaymentSearchService searchService;
    //private Validator searchCriteriaValidator;
    private UserRequestAuditTrail notifications;

    @Autowired
    public void setSearchService(PaymentSearchService searchService) {
        this.searchService = searchService;
    }

    @Autowired
    public void setNotifications(UserRequestAuditTrail notifications) {
        this.notifications = notifications;
    }

    @RequestMapping(value="/" + SEARCH_TRANSACTION_PAGE)
    public String setUpTransactionSearch(Model model) {
        SearchCriteria searchCriteria = new SearchCriteria();
        model.addAttribute("searchCriteria", searchCriteria);
        notifications.transferTo(SEARCH_TRANSACTION_PAGE);
        return SEARCH_TRANSACTION_PAGE;
    }

    @RequestMapping(value="/" + SEARCH_TRANSACTION_PAGE, method=RequestMethod.POST, params="cancel")
    public String cancelSearch() {
        notifications.redirectTo(HomeController.HOME_PAGE);
        return "redirect:/" + HomeController.HOME_PAGE;
    }

    @RequestMapping(value="/" + SEARCH_TRANSACTION_PAGE, method=RequestMethod.POST, params="execute")
    public String executeSearch(
            @ModelAttribute("searchCriteria") @Valid SearchCriteria searchCriteria,
            BindingResult result, Model model,
            SessionStatus status) {
        //searchCriteriaValidator.validate(criteria, result);
        if (result.hasErrors()) {
            notifications.transferTo(SEARCH_TRANSACTION_PAGE);
            return SEARCH_TRANSACTION_PAGE;
        } else {
            PaymentDetail payment = 
                searchService.getAuthorizationFor(searchCriteria.geteWiseTransactionId());
            if (payment == null) {
                ObjectError error = new ObjectError(
                        "eWiseTransactionId", "Transaction not found");
                result.addError(error);
                model.addAttribute("searchCriteria", searchCriteria);
                notifications.transferTo(SEARCH_TRANSACTION_PAGE);
                return SEARCH_TRANSACTION_PAGE;
            } else {
                model.addAttribute("authorization", payment);
                notifications.redirectTo(PaymentDetailController.PAYMENT_DETAIL_PAGE);
                return "redirect:/" + PaymentDetailController.PAYMENT_DETAIL_PAGE;
            }
        }
    }

}

接下来，测试：

    package test.unit.com.company.admin.web;

    import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.containsString;
    import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.equalTo;
    import static org.junit.Assert.assertThat;

    import org.jmock.Expectations;
    import org.jmock.Mockery;
    import org.jmock.integration.junit4.JMock;
    import org.jmock.integration.junit4.JUnit4Mockery;
    import org.junit.Before;
    import org.junit.Test;
    import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
    import org.springframework.ui.Model;
    import org.springframework.validation.BindingResult;
    import org.springframework.validation.ObjectError;
    import org.springframework.web.bind.support.SessionStatus;

    import com.company.admin.domain.PaymentDetail;
    import com.company.admin.service.PaymentSearchService;
    import com.company.admin.service.UserRequestAuditTrail;
    import com.company.admin.web.HomeController;
    import com.company.admin.web.PaymentDetailController;
    import com.company.admin.web.SearchTransactionController;
    import com.company.admin.web.form.SearchCriteria;

    /**
     * Tests the behavior of the SearchTransactionController.
     * @author slgelma
     *
     */
    @RunWith(JMock.class)
    public class SearchTransactionControllerTest {

        private final Mockery context = new JUnit4Mockery(); 
        private final SearchTransactionController controller = new SearchTransactionController();
        private final PaymentSearchService searchService = context.mock(PaymentSearchService.class);
        private final UserRequestAuditTrail notifications = context.mock(UserRequestAuditTrail.class);
        private final Model model = context.mock(Model.class);


        /**
         * @throws java.lang.Exception
         */
        @Before
        public void setUp() throws Exception {
            controller.setSearchService(searchService);
            controller.setNotifications(notifications);
        }

        @Test
        public void setUpTheSearchForm() {

            final String target = SearchTransactionController.SEARCH_TRANSACTION_PAGE;

            context.checking(new Expectations() {{
                oneOf(model).addAttribute(
                        with(any(String.class)), with(any(Object.class)));
                oneOf(notifications).transferTo(with(any(String.class)));
            }});

            String nextPage = controller.setUpTransactionSearch(model);
            assertThat("Controller is not requesting the correct form", 
                    target, equalTo(nextPage));
        }

        @Test
        public void cancelSearchTest() {

            final String target = HomeController.HOME_PAGE;

            context.checking(new Expectations(){{
                never(model).addAttribute(with(any(String.class)), with(any(Object.class)));
                oneOf(notifications).redirectTo(with(any(String.class)));
            }});

            String nextPage = controller.cancelSearch();
            assertThat("Controller is not requesting the correct form", 
                    nextPage, containsString(target));
        }

        @Test
        public void executeSearchWithNullTransaction() {

            final String target = SearchTransactionController.SEARCH_TRANSACTION_PAGE;

            final SearchCriteria searchCriteria = new SearchCriteria();
            searchCriteria.seteWiseTransactionId(null);

            final BindingResult result = context.mock(BindingResult.class);
            final SessionStatus status = context.mock(SessionStatus.class);

            context.checking(new Expectations() {{
                allowing(result).hasErrors(); will(returnValue(true));
                never(model).addAttribute(with(any(String.class)), with(any(Object.class)));
                never(searchService).getAuthorizationFor(searchCriteria.geteWiseTransactionId());
                oneOf(notifications).transferTo(with(any(String.class)));
            }});

            String nextPage = controller.executeSearch(searchCriteria, result, model, status);
            assertThat("Controller is not requesting the correct form", 
                    target, equalTo(nextPage));
        }

        @Test
        public void executeSearchWithEmptyTransaction() {

            final String target = SearchTransactionController.SEARCH_TRANSACTION_PAGE;

            final SearchCriteria searchCriteria = new SearchCriteria();
            searchCriteria.seteWiseTransactionId("");

            final BindingResult result = context.mock(BindingResult.class);
            final SessionStatus status = context.mock(SessionStatus.class);

            context.checking(new Expectations() {{
                allowing(result).hasErrors(); will(returnValue(true));
                never(model).addAttribute(with(any(String.class)), with(any(Object.class)));
                never(searchService).getAuthorizationFor(searchCriteria.geteWiseTransactionId());
                oneOf(notifications).transferTo(with(any(String.class)));
            }});

            String nextPage = controller.executeSearch(searchCriteria, result, model, status);
            assertThat("Controller is not requesting the correct form", 
                    target, equalTo(nextPage));
        }

        @Test
        public void executeSearchWithTransactionNotFound() {

            final String target = SearchTransactionController.SEARCH_TRANSACTION_PAGE;
            final String badTransactionId = "badboy"; 
            final PaymentDetail transactionNotFound = null;

            final SearchCriteria searchCriteria = new SearchCriteria();
            searchCriteria.seteWiseTransactionId(badTransactionId);

            final BindingResult result = context.mock(BindingResult.class);
            final SessionStatus status = context.mock(SessionStatus.class);

            context.checking(new Expectations() {{
                allowing(result).hasErrors(); will(returnValue(false));
                atLeast(1).of(model).addAttribute(with(any(String.class)), with(any(Object.class)));
                oneOf(searchService).getAuthorizationFor(with(any(String.class)));
                    will(returnValue(transactionNotFound));
                oneOf(result).addError(with(any(ObjectError.class)));
                oneOf(notifications).transferTo(with(any(String.class)));
            }});

            String nextPage = controller.executeSearch(searchCriteria, result, model, status);
            assertThat("Controller is not requesting the correct form", 
                    target, equalTo(nextPage));
        }

        @Test
        public void executeSearchWithTransactionFound() {

            final String target = PaymentDetailController.PAYMENT_DETAIL_PAGE;
            final String goodTransactionId = "100000010";
            final PaymentDetail transactionFound = context.mock(PaymentDetail.class);

            final SearchCriteria searchCriteria = new SearchCriteria();
            searchCriteria.seteWiseTransactionId(goodTransactionId);

            final BindingResult result = context.mock(BindingResult.class);
            final SessionStatus status = context.mock(SessionStatus.class);

            context.checking(new Expectations() {{
                allowing(result).hasErrors(); will(returnValue(false));
                atLeast(1).of(model).addAttribute(with(any(String.class)), with(any(Object.class)));
                oneOf(searchService).getAuthorizationFor(with(any(String.class)));
                    will(returnValue(transactionFound));
                oneOf(notifications).redirectTo(with(any(String.class)));
            }});

            String nextPage = controller.executeSearch(searchCriteria, result, model, status);
            assertThat("Controller is not requesting the correct form", 
                    nextPage, containsString(target));
        }

    }

我希望这可能会有所帮助。

Answer 4

2018 年 2 月更新：OpenBrace Limited has closed down，不再支持其 ObMimic 产品。

这是另一种选择，使用 OpenBrace 的 ObMimic Servlet API 测试替身库（披露：我是它的开发者）。

package com.openbrace.experiments.examplecode.stackoverflow5434419;

import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import com.openbrace.experiments.examplecode.stackoverflow5434419.YourServlet;
import com.openbrace.obmimic.mimic.servlet.ServletConfigMimic;
import com.openbrace.obmimic.mimic.servlet.http.HttpServletRequestMimic;
import com.openbrace.obmimic.mimic.servlet.http.HttpServletResponseMimic;
import com.openbrace.obmimic.substate.servlet.RequestParameters;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;

/**
 * Example tests for {@link YourServlet#doPost(HttpServletRequest,
 * HttpServletResponse)}.
 *
 * @author Mike Kaufman, OpenBrace Limited
 */
public class YourServletTest {

    /** The servlet to be tested by this instance's test. */
    private YourServlet servlet;

    /** The "mimic" request to be used in this instance's test. */
    private HttpServletRequestMimic request;

    /** The "mimic" response to be used in this instance's test. */
    private HttpServletResponseMimic response;

    /**
     * Create an initialized servlet and a request and response for this
     * instance's test.
     *
     * @throws ServletException if the servlet's init method throws such an
     *     exception.
     */
    @Before
    public void setUp() throws ServletException {
        /*
         * Note that for the simple servlet and tests involved:
         * - We don't need anything particular in the servlet's ServletConfig.
         * - The ServletContext isn't relevant, so ObMimic can be left to use
         *   its default ServletContext for everything.
         */
        servlet = new YourServlet();
        servlet.init(new ServletConfigMimic());
        request = new HttpServletRequestMimic();
        response = new HttpServletResponseMimic();
    }

    /**
     * Test the doPost method with example argument values.
     *
     * @throws ServletException if the servlet throws such an exception.
     * @throws IOException if the servlet throws such an exception.
     */
    @Test
    public void testYourServletDoPostWithExampleArguments()
            throws ServletException, IOException {

        // Configure the request. In this case, all we need are the three
        // request parameters.
        RequestParameters parameters
            = request.getMimicState().getRequestParameters();
        parameters.set("username", "mike");
        parameters.set("password", "xyz#zyx");
        parameters.set("name", "Mike");

        // Run the "doPost".
        servlet.doPost(request, response);

        // Check the response's Content-Type, Cache-Control header and
        // body content.
        assertEquals("text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1",
            response.getMimicState().getContentType());
        assertArrayEquals(new String[] { "no-cache" },
            response.getMimicState().getHeaders().getValues("Cache-Control"));
        assertEquals("...expected result from dataManager.register...",
            response.getMimicState().getBodyContentAsString());

    }

}

注意事项：

• 每个“模仿”都有一个“模仿状态”对象用于其逻辑状态。这提供了 Servlet API 方法与模拟内部状态的配置和检查之间的明显区别。

• 您可能会惊讶于 Content-Type 的检查包括“charset=ISO-8859-1”。但是，对于给定的“doPost”代码，这是根据 Servlet API Javadoc 和 HttpServletResponse 自己的 getContentType 方法，以及在例如生成的实际 Content-Type 标头。 Glassfish 3. 如果使用普通的模拟对象和您自己对 API 行为的期望，您可能不会意识到这一点。在这种情况下，这可能无关紧要，但在更复杂的情况下，这是一种意想不到的 API 行为，可能会让人有点嘲笑！

• 我使用response.getMimicState().getContentType() 作为检查 Content-Type 并说明上述要点的最简单方法，但如果您愿意，您确实可以自行检查“text/html”（使用 response.getMimicState().getContentTypeMimeType() )。检查 Content-Type 标头的方法与检查 Cache-Control 标头相同。

• 对于此示例，响应内容被检查为字符数据（使用 Writer 的编码）。我们还可以检查是否使用了响应的 Writer 而不是它的 OutputStream（使用response.getMimicState().isWritingCharacterContent()），但我认为我们只关心结果输出，而不关心生成它的 API 调用（尽管这也可以检查...）。也可以将响应的正文内容作为字节检索，检查 Writer/OutputStream 的详细状态等。

在OpenBrace 网站上有 ObMimic 的完整详细信息和免费下载。或者如果您有任何问题可以联系我（联系方式在网站上）。

Answer 5

编辑：Cactus 现在是一个死项目：http://attic.apache.org/projects/jakarta-cactus.html

---

你可能想看看仙人掌。

http://jakarta.apache.org/cactus/

项目描述

Cactus 是一个简单的测试框架，用于对服务器端 Java 代码（Servlet、EJB、标签库、过滤器等）进行单元测试。

Cactus 的目的是降低为服务器端代码编写测试的成本。它使用 JUnit 并对其进行扩展。

Cactus 实现了容器内策略，这意味着测试在容器内执行。

Answer 6

另一种方法是创建一个嵌入式服务器来“托管”您的 servlet，允许您使用旨在调用实际服务器的库来编写针对它的调用（这种方法的实用性在某种程度上取决于您可以轻松地制作“合法的”对服务器的程序调用——我正在测试一个 JMS（Java 消息服务）访问点，客户端比比皆是）。

您可以走几条不同的路线 - 通常的两条是 tomcat 和 jetty。

警告：选择要嵌入的服务器时要注意的是您正在使用的 servlet-api 版本（提供 HttpServletRequest 等类的库）。如果您使用的是 2.5，我发现 Jetty 6.x 运行良好（这是我将在下面给出的示例）。如果您使用的是 servlet-api 3.0，则嵌入 tomcat-7 的东西似乎是一个不错的选择，但是我不得不放弃使用它的尝试，因为我正在测试的应用程序使用的是 servlet-api 2.5。在尝试配置或启动服务器时，尝试将两者混合会导致 NoSuchMethod 和其他此类异常。

您可以像这样设置这样的服务器（Jetty 6.1.26，servlet-api 2.5）：

public void startServer(int port, Servlet yourServletInstance){
    Server server = new Server(port);
    Context root = new Context(server, "/", Context.SESSIONS);

    root.addServlet(new ServletHolder(yourServletInstance), "/servlet/context/path");

    //If you need the servlet context for anything, such as spring wiring, you coudl get it like this
    //ServletContext servletContext = root.getServletContext();

    server.start();
}

Answer 7

使用Selenium 进行基于网络的单元测试。有一个名为 Selenium IDE 的 Firefox 插件，它可以记录网页上的操作并导出到使用 Selenium RC 运行测试服务器的 JUnit 测试用例。

Answer 8

 public class WishServletTest {
 WishServlet wishServlet;
 HttpServletRequest mockhttpServletRequest;
 HttpServletResponse mockhttpServletResponse;

@Before
public void setUp(){
    wishServlet=new WishServlet();
    mockhttpServletRequest=createNiceMock(HttpServletRequest.class);
    mockhttpServletResponse=createNiceMock(HttpServletResponse.class);
}

@Test
public void testService()throws Exception{
    File file= new File("Sample.txt");
    File.createTempFile("ashok","txt");
    expect(mockhttpServletRequest.getParameter("username")).andReturn("ashok");
    expect(mockhttpServletResponse.getWriter()).andReturn(new PrintWriter(file));
    replay(mockhttpServletRequest);
    replay(mockhttpServletResponse);
    wishServlet.doGet(mockhttpServletRequest, mockhttpServletResponse);
    FileReader fileReader=new FileReader(file);
    int count = 0;
    String str = "";
    while ( (count=fileReader.read())!=-1){
        str=str+(char)count;
    }

    Assert.assertTrue(str.trim().equals("Helloashok"));
    verify(mockhttpServletRequest);
    verify(mockhttpServletResponse);

}

}

Answer 9

首先，您可能应该稍微重构一下，以便不在 doPost 代码中创建 DataManager。您应该尝试依赖注入来获取实例。 （有关 DI 的精彩介绍，请参见 Guice 视频。）。如果您被告知要开始对所有内容进行单元测试，那么 DI 是必不可少的。

注入依赖项后，您可以单独测试您的类。

要实际测试 servlet，还有其他较早的线程已经讨论过这个问题。尝试here 和here。