如何在系统的环境变量“PATH”中添加和删除？

Question

如何永久将路径添加到系统的环境变量“PATH”？

如果路径不存在，我只想添加它。

我还想删除所有包含文件夹名称的路径，例如\myprogram，无论是：

C:\path\to\myprogram\dist; 或 D:\another\path\to\myprogram\dist;

Answer 1

这里有一些你想要的东西，它类似于jaraco.windows 项目中的代码。和它一样，只使用内置的 Python 模块——因此不需要先下载和安装 pywin32 扩展。 此外，它还兼容 Python 2.6+ 和 3.x，并支持 Unicode 环境变量和值（本例中为目录路径）。

请注意，更改永久系统级环境变量需要 Windows 管理员权限。

import ctypes
from ctypes.wintypes import HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM, LPVOID
LRESULT = LPARAM  # synonymous
import os
import sys
try:
    import winreg
    unicode = str
except ImportError:
    import _winreg as winreg  # Python 2.x

class Environment(object):
    path = r'SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment'
    hklm = winreg.ConnectRegistry(None, winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE)
    key = winreg.OpenKey(hklm, path, 0, winreg.KEY_READ | winreg.KEY_WRITE)
    SendMessage = ctypes.windll.user32.SendMessageW
    SendMessage.argtypes = HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPVOID
    SendMessage.restype = LRESULT
    HWND_BROADCAST = 0xFFFF
    WM_SETTINGCHANGE = 0x1A
    NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED = object()

    def get(self, name, default=NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED):
        try:
            value = winreg.QueryValueEx(self.key, name)[0]
        except WindowsError:
            if default is self.NO_DEFAULT_PROVIDED:
                raise ValueError("No such registry key", name)
            value = default
        return value

    def set(self, name, value):
        if value:
            winreg.SetValueEx(self.key, name, 0, winreg.REG_EXPAND_SZ, value)
        else:
            winreg.DeleteValue(self.key, name)
        self.notify()

    def notify(self):
        self.SendMessage(self.HWND_BROADCAST, self.WM_SETTINGCHANGE, 0, u'Environment')

Environment = Environment()  # singletion - create instance

PATH_VAR = 'PATH'

def append_path_envvar(addpath):
    def canonical(path):
        path = unicode(path.upper().rstrip(os.sep))
        return winreg.ExpandEnvironmentStrings(path)  # Requires Python 2.6+
    canpath = canonical(addpath)
    curpath = Environment.get(PATH_VAR, '')
    if not any(canpath == subpath
                for subpath in canonical(curpath).split(os.pathsep)):
        Environment.set(PATH_VAR, os.pathsep.join((curpath, addpath)))

def remove_envvar_path(folder):
    """ Remove *all* paths in PATH_VAR that contain the folder path. """
    curpath = Environment.get(PATH_VAR, '')
    folder = folder.upper()
    keepers = [subpath for subpath in curpath.split(os.pathsep)
                if folder not in subpath.upper()]
    Environment.set(PATH_VAR, os.pathsep.join(keepers))

示例用法：

print(Environment.get('path'))
append_path_envvar(r'C:\path\to\myprogram\dist')
append_path_envvar(r'D:\another\path\to\myprogram\dist')
print(Environment.get('path'))
remove_envvar_path(r'\myprogram')  # remove *both* added paths
print(Environment.get('path'))

Answer 2

import _winreg as reg
import win32gui
import win32con


# read the value
key = reg.OpenKey(reg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, 'Environment', 0, reg.KEY_ALL_ACCESS)
# use this if you need to modify the system variable and if you have admin privileges
#key = reg.OpenKey(reg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, r'SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment', 0, reg.KEY_ALL_ACCESS) 
try
    value, _ = reg.QueryValueEx(key, 'PATH')
except WindowsError:
    # in case the PATH variable is undefined
    value = ''

# modify it
value = ';'.join([s for s in value.split(';') if not r'\myprogram' in s])

# write it back
reg.SetValueEx(key, 'PATH', 0, reg.REG_EXPAND_SZ, value)
reg.CloseKey(key)

# notify the system about the changes
win32gui.SendMessage(win32con.HWND_BROADCAST, win32con.WM_SETTINGCHANGE, 0, 'Environment')

Answer 3

有一个python包pathtub（我是作者），可以完成这项工作。你可以在GitHub阅读代码和文档。

安装

pip install pathtub

示例用法

阅读路径

from pathtub import get_path

# Getting path (can be 'process' (default), 'user' or 'machine')
user_path = get_path('user')

print(user_path)
# C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-13.0.1\bin;C:\Programs;C:\Programs\apache-maven-3.6.2\bin;C:\Programs\cloc;C:\Programs\fciv;C:\Python\Python37;C:\Python\Python37\lib\site-packages\pywin32_system32;C:\Python\Python37\Scripts;C:\texlive\2018\bin\win32;C:\Users\USER\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps;C:\Users\USER\AppData\Local\Programs\Microsoft VS Code\bin;C:\Users\USER\AppData\Roaming\npm

添加到路径

from pathtub import add_to_path
added = add_to_path(r'C:\Add this folder\to user path', mode='user')

print(added)
#True

# Adding duplicate entries is prevented
added = add_to_path(r'C:\Add this folder\to user path', mode='user')

print(added)
#False

从路径中移除

removed = remove_from_path(r'C:\Add this folder\to user path', mode='user')

print(removed)
#True

# Removing non-existing folder just returns False
removed = remove_from_path(r'C:\Add this folder\to user path', mode='user')

print(removed)
#False

要求

当前实现 (v.1.1.2) 使用 Powershell 进行永久路径修改。我只用较新的版本（Python 3.7 和 3.8）对此进行了测试，但我想它应该也适用于一些旧版本。

Answer 4

我从您问题中的路径推断出您有兴趣在 Windows 平台上执行此操作。

documentation 描述了这个过程：

要以编程方式添加或修改系统环境变量，请将它们添加到 HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment 注册表项，然后广播 WM_SETTINGCHANGE 消息，并将 lParam 设置为字符串“Environment”。这允许应用程序（例如 shell）获取您的更新。

Answer 5

您应该检查os.environ。这是一个可以直接操作或通过os.putenv操作的字典：

将名为 varname 的环境变量设置为字符串值。这样的 环境的变化会影响开始的子流程 os.system()、popen() 或 fork() 和 execv()。

因此：

>>> import os
>>> os.environ["PATH"] =  path_old + ":/tmp/hallo" 
>>> os.environ["PATH"] 
'/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/bin/vendor_perl:/usr/bin/core_perl:/tmp/hallo'

[更新]

根据to this answer，您可以通过 Windows 注册表使它们持久化