在 python 中使用时间序列进行预测

Question

我需要你们的帮助。 当 X（天）代表时间时，我实际上想预测变量 Y（c_start）的下一个值。 正如您在图片中看到的，我有属性“c_start”的值，我想预测接下来 7 天的下一个“c_start”值（例如）。 有人可以帮我吗？

谢谢各位！

Answer 1

检查样本组中的 ARMA 模型：

import pandas as pd
from pandas.tseries.offsets import *
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import statsmodels.api as sm

csv_file = '/home/Jian/Downloads/analyse vtr.csv'
df = pd.read_csv(csv_file, index_col=[0], sep='\t')
grouped = df.groupby('adserver_id')
group = list(grouped)[0][1]

ts_data = pd.TimeSeries(group.c_start.values, index=pd.to_datetime(group.day))
# positive-valued process, looks non-stationary
# simple way is to do a log transform
fig, axes = plt.subplots(figsize=(10,8), nrows=3)
ts_data.plot(ax=axes[0])

ts_log_data = np.log(ts_data)
ts_log_data.plot(ax=axes[1], style='b-', label='actual')

# in-sample fit
# ===================================
model = sm.tsa.ARMA(ts_log_data, order=(1,1)).fit()
print(model.params)

y_pred = model.predict(ts_log_data.index[0].isoformat(), ts_log_data.index[-1].isoformat())
y_pred.plot(ax=axes[1], style='r--', label='in-sample fit')

y_resid = model.resid
y_resid.plot(ax=axes[2])

# out-sample predict
# ===================================
start_date = ts_log_data.index[-1] + Day(1)
end_date = ts_log_data.index[-1] + Day(7)

y_forecast = model.predict(start_date.isoformat(), end_date.isoformat())

print(y_forecast)


2015-07-11    7.5526
2015-07-12    7.4584
2015-07-13    7.3830
2015-07-14    7.3224
2015-07-15    7.2739
2015-07-16    7.2349
2015-07-17    7.2037
Freq: D, dtype: float64


# NOTE: this step introduces bias, it is used here just for simplicity
# E[exp(x)] != exp[E[x]]
print(np.exp(y_forecast))

2015-07-11    1905.6328
2015-07-12    1734.4442
2015-07-13    1608.3362
2015-07-14    1513.8595
2015-07-15    1442.1183
2015-07-16    1387.0486
2015-07-17    1344.4080
Freq: D, dtype: float64

为每个子组运行 ARMA 模型（非常耗时）：

import pandas as pd
from pandas.tseries.offsets import *
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import statsmodels.api as sm

csv_file = '/home/Jian/Downloads/analyse vtr.csv'
df = pd.read_csv(csv_file, index_col=[0], sep='\t')
grouped = df.groupby('adserver_id')


def forecast_func(group):
    ts_log_data = np.log(pd.TimeSeries(group.c_start.values, index=pd.to_datetime(group.day)))
    # for some group, it raise convergence issue
    try:
        model = sm.tsa.ARMA(ts_log_data, order=(1,1)).fit()
        start_date = ts_log_data.index[-1] + Day(1)
        end_date = ts_log_data.index[-1] + Day(7)
        y_forecast = model.predict(start_date.isoformat(), end_date.isoformat())
        return pd.Series(np.exp(y_forecast).values, np.arange(1, 8))
    except Exception:
        pass


result = df.groupby('adserver_id').apply(forecast_func)

替代模型：为了快速计算，考虑指数平滑；另外，我看到数据看起来像是一个具有时变 Possion 分布的正值过程，可以考虑使用pymc 模块的状态空间模型。