【问题标题】：Delete directory and all symlinks recursively递归删除目录和所有符号链接
【发布时间】：2021-12-06 13:53:26
【问题描述】：

我尝试使用shutil删除一个目录和所有包含的文件，如下：

import shutil
from os.path import exists
if exists(path_dir):
    shutil.rmtree(path_dir)

不幸的是，我的解决方案不起作用，抛出以下错误：

FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '._image1.jpg'

快速搜索显示我是not alone 遇到此问题。在我的理解中，rmtree 函数等同于rm -Rf $DIR shell 命令——但似乎并非如此。

附言用于重建目的。请创建一个符号链接，例如使用ln -s /path/to/original /path/to/link

【问题讨论】：

path_dir 是符号链接的路径吗？
不，path_dir 指向包含各种文件和文件夹的目录

标签： python recursion directory symlink delete-file

【解决方案1】：

这很奇怪，在 windows 10 和 Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS 中，我对要删除的文件夹下有或没有符号链接的 shutil.rmtree() 没有任何问题。

无论如何尝试以下代码。我在 Windows 10 和 Ubuntu 中尝试过。

from pathlib import Path
import shutil


def delete_dir_recursion(p):
    """
    Delete folder, sub-folders and files.
    """
    for f in p.glob('**/*'):
        if f.is_symlink():
            f.unlink(missing_ok=True)  # missing_ok is added in python 3.8
            print(f'symlink {f.name} from path {f} was deleted')
        elif f.is_file():
            f.unlink()
            print(f'file: {f.name} from path {f} was deleted')
        elif f.is_dir():
            try:
                f.rmdir()  # delete empty sub-folder
                print(f'folder: {f.name} from path {f} was deleted')
            except OSError:  # sub-folder is not empty
                delete_dir_recursion(f)  # recurse the current sub-folder
            except Exception as exception:  # capture other exception
                print(f'exception name: {exception.__class__.__name__}')
                print(f'exception msg: {exception}')

    try:
        p.rmdir()  # time to delete an empty folder
        print(f'folder: {p.name} from path {p} was deleted')
    except NotADirectoryError:
        p.unlink()  # delete folder even if it is a symlink, linux
        print(f'symlink folder: {p.name} from path {p} was deleted')
    except Exception as exception:
        print(f'exception name: {exception.__class__.__name__}')
        print(f'exception msg: {exception}')


def delete_dir(folder):
    p = Path(folder)

    if not p.exists():
        print(f'The path {p} does not exists!')
        return

    # Attempt to delete the whole folder at once.
    try:
        shutil.rmtree(p)
    except Exception as exception:
        print(f'exception name: {exception.__class__.__name__}')
        print(f'exception msg: {exception}')
        # continue parsing the folder
    else:  # else if no issues on rmtree()
        if not p.exists():  # verify
            print(f'folder {p} was successfully deleted by shutil.rmtree!')
            return

    print(f'Parse the folder {folder} ...')
    delete_dir_recursion(p)

    if not p.exists():  # verify
        print(f'folder {p} was successfully deleted!')

# start
folder_to_delete = '/home/zz/tmp/sample/b'  # delete folder b
delete_dir(folder_to_delete)

样本输出：

我们将删除文件夹b。

.
├── 1.txt
├── a
├── b
│   ├── 1
│   ├── 1.txt -> ../1.txt
│   ├── 2
│   │   └── 21
│   │       └── 21.txt
│   ├── 3
│   │   └── 31
│   ├── 4
│   │   └── c -> ../../c
│   ├── a -> ../a
│   └── b.txt
├── c

Parse the folder /home/zz/tmp/sample/b ...
symlink a from path /home/zz/tmp/sample/b/a was deleted
symlink c from path /home/zz/tmp/sample/b/4/c was deleted
folder: 4 from path /home/zz/tmp/sample/b/4 was deleted
symlink 1.txt from path /home/zz/tmp/sample/b/1.txt was deleted
file: b.txt from path /home/zz/tmp/sample/b/b.txt was deleted
file: 21.txt from path /home/zz/tmp/sample/b/2/21/21.txt was deleted
folder: 21 from path /home/zz/tmp/sample/b/2/21 was deleted
folder: 2 from path /home/zz/tmp/sample/b/2 was deleted
folder: 1 from path /home/zz/tmp/sample/b/1 was deleted
folder: 31 from path /home/zz/tmp/sample/b/3/31 was deleted
folder: 3 from path /home/zz/tmp/sample/b/3 was deleted
folder: b from path /home/zz/tmp/sample/b was deleted
folder /home/zz/tmp/sample/b was successfully deleted!

【讨论】：

我觉得你很安静。该函数删除所有文件夹内的所有文件，但不删除文件夹为空后的文件夹
@JürgenK。可能是什么问题？，我希望空文件夹将在p.rmdir() # time to delete an empty folder 处理有任何消息吗？你是在 linux 还是 windows 下测试？
没问题，rmdir 工作可能不是递归的。因此，如果有空文件夹包含另一个空文件夹，则 rmdir 将不起作用。在 mac 上测试
感谢您提供的信息，我会重新检查。
@JürgenK。得到了修复，现在它可以递归删除文件/子文件夹了。

【解决方案2】：

您可能在 Mac OSX 上，并且您的目录至少部分在非 Mac 文件系统上（即不是 HFS+）。在这些上，Mac 文件系统驱动程序会自动创建以._ 为前缀的二进制伴随文件，以记录所谓的扩展属性（在https://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/14980/why-are-dot-underscore-files-created-and-how-can-i-avoid-them 中进行了解释，但也如下所示）。

rmtree 在不支持os.scandir 中的文件描述符的系统上（如 Mac OSX）现在不安全地创建条目列表，然后将它们一一解除链接（创建已知的竞争条件：https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/908fd691f96403a3c30d85c17dd74ed1f26a60fd/Lib/shutil.py#L592-L621）。不幸的是，每次都有两种不同的行为使这种情况成立：

原始文件始终列在扩展属性之一之前，并且
取消链接原始文件 (test.txt) 时，同时删除元文件 (._test.txt)。

因此，在轮到你的时候会丢失扩展属性文件并抛出你正在经历的FileNotFoundError。

我认为这个错误最好由cpython#14064 解决，它的目的是通常忽略rmtree 中的FileNotFoundErrors。

缓解

同时，您可以使用onerror 忽略这些元文件上的取消链接错误：

def ignore_extended_attributes(func, filename, exc_info):
    is_meta_file = os.path.basename(filename).startswith("._")
    if not (func is os.unlink and is_meta_file):
        raise

shutil.rmtree(path_dir, onerror=ignore_extended_attributes)

Mac 扩展属性案例展示

为了说明您可以创建一个小的 ExFAT 磁盘映像并使用命令将其挂载到 /Volumes/Untitled

hdiutil create -size 5m -fs exfat test.dmg
hdiutil attach test.dmg            # mounts at /Volumes/Untitled
cd /Volumes/Untitled

mkdir test                         # create a directory to remove
cd test
touch test.txt
open test.txt                      # open the test.txt file in the standard editor

只需在标准文本编辑器中打开文件，就会创建一个扩展属性文件._test.txt，并在其中记录上次访问时间：

/Volumes/Untitled/test $ ls -a
.          ..         ._test.txt test.txt
/Volumes/Untitled/test $ xattr test.txt
com.apple.lastuseddate#PS

问题是自动取消链接原始文件也会取消链接伴随文件。

/Volumes/Untitled/test $ rm test.txt
/Volumes/Untitled/test $ ls -a
.          ..

【讨论】：

很好的答案。感谢您提供缓解代码

【解决方案3】：

来自How to remove a directory including all its files in python?

# function that deletes all files and then folder

import glob, os

def del_folder(dir_name):
    
    dir_path = os.getcwd() +  "\{}".format(dir_name)
    try:
        os.rmdir(dir_path)  # remove the folder
    except:
        print("OSError")   # couldn't remove the folder because we have files inside it
    finally:
        # now iterate through files in that folder and delete them one by one and delete the folder at the end
        try:
            for filepath in os.listdir(dir_path):
                os.remove(dir_path +  "\{}".format(filepath))
            os.rmdir(dir_path)
            print("folder is deleted")
        except:
            print("folder is not there")

您也可以将ignore_errors 标志与shutil.rmtree() 一起使用。

shutil.rmtree('/folder_name', ignore_errors=True) 这应该会删除一个包含文件内容的目录。

【讨论】：