如何在 Ruby 中使用模块扩展浮点和数组类

Question

在为模块中的 Float 和 Array 类定义新方法时，我发现
方法不被承认为方法，尽管该模块被包含在内。我只是成为
熟悉 Ruby 中模块的使用，因此我将不胜感激。代码如下：

---

#! /usr/bin/env ruby

module NewMath

    include Math        

puts("Hello from NewMath")

class Array

    def mean
        raise Exception, "#{self} should be a uniform array of numbers" if     
           !hasElementsOfUniformType?( self) || !self.first.is_a?(Numeric)
        sum = inject(&:+)
        
        return (self.first.is_a?(Integer)) ? sum / size : sum / size.to_f
    end
    
    def standardDeviation
        raise Exception, "#{self} should be a uniform array of numbers" if  \
              !hasElementsOfUniformType?( self) || !self.first.is_a?(Numeric)
        raise ArgumentError, "#{self} should be an array of more than 1 numbers" if \
              self.size < 2     

        mn = self.mean          
        sumOfDeviationSqr = self.map { |x| x.to_f - mn.to_f } \
           .map { |deviation| deviation * deviation }.reduce(:+) / (size - 1).to_f
        
        return  Math.sqrt(sumOfDeviationSqr)    
    end
end

class Integer
    def notToExceed( limit)
        return (self > limit) ? limit : self
    end
end 

class Float
    def constrainAndFormat(low:, high:, decimalPlaces:)
    raise Exception, "low: #{low} should be a Float" if !low.is_a?(Float)
    raise Exception, "high: #{high} should be a Float value > #{lo}" \
         if !high.is_a?(Float) || high < low
    raise Exception, "decimalPlaces: #{decimalPlaces} should be a positive integer" \
         if (decimalPlaces < 1)
        item = (self > high) ? high : (self < low) ? low : self
        
        factor = 1.upto(decimalPlaces).map { |i| 10.to_f }.reduce(:*)                       
        truncate = (item * factor).to_i.to_f
        return truncate / factor            
    end
end
end

include NewMath


print("\n Array's public instance methods: #{Array.public_instance_methods}")
print
print("\n Array's included modules: #{Array.included_modules}")
print
list = []
100.times.each do 
    list << rand(1..100)
end
print("\n list = #{list}\n")
print("\n s.d. = #{list.standardDeviation}\n")

a = list.mean
print("\n mean = #{a}\n")

print("\n Float's public instance methods: #{Float.public_instance_methods}")
l = 1.0 /3.0
print("\n l = #{l} , #{l.constrainAndFormat(low: 0.0, high:2.0, decimalPlaces:4)}")


************************* end of code *******************************************

Mean, standardDeviation, and constrainAndFormat are undefined.  Array's list of public  
instance methods excludes standardDeviation.

Array 的公共实例方法：[:to_h, :include?, :at, :fetch, :last, :union, :difference, :push, :append, :pop, :shift, :unshift, :each_index, : join, :rotate, :rotate!, :sort!, :sort_by!, :collect!, :map!, :select!, :filter!, :keep_if, :values_at, :delete_at, :delete_if, :reject!, :转置、:fill、:assoc、:rassoc、:uniq!、:compact、:compact!、:flatten、:flatten!、:shuffle!、:shuffle、:*、:+、:permutation、:&、:repeated_permutation , :combination, :sample, :repeated_combination, :product, :bsearch, :-, :sort, :bsearch_index, :count, :find_index, :select, :filter, :reject, :collect, :map, :first, : all?, :any?, :one?, :none?, :reverse_each, :zip, :take, :take_while, :drop, :drop_while, :cycle, :sum, :uniq, :|, :insert, :, :id, :instance_exec, :!=, :instance_eval, :发送] Array 包含的模块：[Enumerable, NewMath, Math, Kernel] 列表 = [90, 61, 39, 63, 17, 39, 26, 9, 91, 69, 67, 39, 33, 13, 63, 68, 100, 58, 25, 3, 37, 28, 56, 43 , 100, 43, 3, 3, 25, 97, 56, 20, 86, 25, 21, 60, 8, 20, 87, 32, 1, 97, 52, 51, 83, 86, 57, 55, 91 , 16, 49, 83, 46, 82, 58, 56, 40, 22, 8, 60, 91, 5, 50, 11, 57, 27, 53, 39, 83, 12, 90, 92, 61, 83 , 31, 87, 63, 97, 76, 66, 58, 24, 8, 82, 17, 44, 76, 43, 71, 29, 95, 34, 22, 54, 90, 5, 11, 98, 26 , 79] 回溯（最近一次通话最后）： ./newTesting.rb:63:in <main>': undefined method standardDeviation' for #Array:0x00007fdd9514c768 (NoMethodError)

Answer 1

您已经定义了三个类，NewMath::Array、NewMath::Integer 和 NewMath::Float。

然后，您已将NewMath 模块包含到main（顶级范围）中。 include 做了一些事情，但“合并具有相同名称的类”不是其中之一。它不会“合并”Array 与 NewMath::Array。

你想要做的可能是：

module NewMath
  module Array
    def foo
      puts "foo"
    end
  end
end

Array.include(NewMath::Array)

[].foo # prints "foo"

很高兴你尝试这样做 b/c 这保留了所有者：

pry(main)> [].method(:foo).owner
=> NewMath::Array

这使得代码很容易找到。这与直接打开类相反：

# this could be in any file, anywhere
class Array
  def bar
    puts "bar"
  end
end

[].method(:bar).owner # => Array  (gives you no indication where it came from)