我发现除了在 Windows 上使用shutil.rmtree 的只读文件之外的问题（在 Windows 7 上测试）。我使用shutil.rmtree 和shutil.copytree 的组合在测试套件中创建测试夹具，因此在短时间内（shutil.rmtree 函数在返回调用程序时尚未完成，并且仅在一段时间后才能重新使用已删除的文件名。
TL;DR: 解决方案并不漂亮 - 概括地说，它会在删除目录之前重命名目录，但有一些问题需要处理，因为 Windows 文件系统似乎需要一些时间才能赶上操作散发出香味。实际代码会捕获各种失败条件，并在短暂延迟后重试失败操作的变体。
接下来是更长的讨论，最后是我的最终代码。
我的第一个想法是在删除之前尝试重命名目录树，以便可以立即重新使用原始目录名称。这似乎有帮助。为此，我为rmtree创建了一个替代品，其本质是这样的：
def removetree(tgt):
def error_handler(func, path, execinfo):
e = execinfo[1]
if e.errno == errno.ENOENT or not os.path.exists(path):
return # path does not exist - treat as success
if func in (os.rmdir, os.remove) and e.errno == errno.EACCES:
os.chmod(path, stat.S_IRWXU| stat.S_IRWXG| stat.S_IRWXO) # 0777
func(path) # read-only file; make writable and retry
raise e
tmp = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(tgt),"_removetree_tmp")
os.rename(tgt, tmp)
shutil.rmtree(tmp, onerror=error_handler)
return
我发现此逻辑是一种改进，但它会导致 os.rename 操作出现不可预知的失败，并出现几个可能的错误之一。所以我还在os.rename周围添加了一些重试逻辑，因此：
def removetree(tgt):
def error_handler(func, path, execinfo):
# figure out recovery based on error...
e = execinfo[1]
if e.errno == errno.ENOENT or not os.path.exists(path):
return # path does not exist
if func in (os.rmdir, os.remove) and e.errno == errno.EACCES:
os.chmod(path, stat.S_IRWXU| stat.S_IRWXG| stat.S_IRWXO) # 0777
func(path) # read-only file; make writable and retry
raise e
# Rename target directory to temporary value, then remove it
count = 0
while count < 10: # prevents indefinite loop
count += 1
tmp = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(tgt),"_removetree_tmp_%d"%(count))
try:
os.rename(tgt, tmp)
shutil.rmtree(tmp, onerror=error_handler)
break
except OSError as e:
time.sleep(1) # Give file system some time to catch up
if e.errno in [errno.EACCES, errno.ENOTEMPTY]:
continue # Try another temp name
if e.errno == errno.EEXIST:
shutil.rmtree(tmp, ignore_errors=True) # Try to clean up old files
continue # Try another temp name
if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
break # 'src' does not exist(?)
raise # Other error - propagate
return
上面的代码没有经过测试，但这里的总体思路似乎确实有效。我实际使用的完整代码如下，并使用了两个函数。它可能包含一些不必要的逻辑，但对我来说似乎更可靠（因为我的测试套件现在在 Windows 上反复通过，而以前它在大多数运行中都无法预料地失败）：
def renametree_temp(src):
"""
Rename tree to temporary name, and return that name, or
None if the source directory does not exist.
"""
count = 0
while count < 10: # prevents indefinite loop
count += 1
tmp = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(src),"_removetree_tmp_%d"%(count))
try:
os.rename(src, tmp)
return tmp # Success!
except OSError as e:
time.sleep(1)
if e.errno == errno.EACCES:
log.warning("util.renametree_temp: %s EACCES, retrying"%tmp)
continue # Try another temp name
if e.errno == errno.ENOTEMPTY:
log.warning("util.renametree_temp: %s ENOTEMPTY, retrying"%tmp)
continue # Try another temp name
if e.errno == errno.EEXIST:
log.warning("util.renametree_temp: %s EEXIST, retrying"%tmp)
shutil.rmtree(tmp, ignore_errors=True) # Try to clean up old files
continue # Try another temp name
if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
log.warning("util.renametree_temp: %s ENOENT, skipping"%tmp)
break # 'src' does not exist(?)
raise # Other error: propagaee
return None
def removetree(tgt):
"""
Work-around for python problem with shutils tree remove functions on Windows.
See:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/23924223/
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1213706/
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1889597/
http://bugs.python.org/issue19643
"""
# shutil.rmtree error handler that attempts recovery from attempts
# on Windows to remove a read-only file or directory (see links above).
def error_handler(func, path, execinfo):
e = execinfo[1]
if e.errno == errno.ENOENT or not os.path.exists(path):
return # path does not exist: nothing to do
if func in (os.rmdir, os.remove) and e.errno == errno.EACCES:
try:
os.chmod(path, stat.S_IRWXU| stat.S_IRWXG| stat.S_IRWXO) # 0777
except Exception as che:
log.warning("util.removetree: chmod failed: %s"%che)
try:
func(path)
except Exception as rfe:
log.warning("util.removetree: 'func' retry failed: %s"%rfe)
if not os.path.exists(path):
return # Gone, assume all is well
raise
if e.errno == errno.ENOTEMPTY:
log.warning("util.removetree: Not empty: %s, %s"%(path, tgt))
time.sleep(1)
removetree(path) # Retry complete removal
return
log.warning("util.removetree: rmtree path: %s, error: %s"%(path, repr(execinfo)))
raise e
# Try renaming to a new directory first, so that the tgt is immediately
# available for re-use.
tmp = renametree_temp(tgt)
if tmp:
shutil.rmtree(tmp, onerror=error_handler)
return
(以上代码合并了What user do python scripts run as in windows?的只读文件问题的解决方案，根据Deleting directory in Python进行了测试。我认为我没有遇到只读文件问题，所以假设没有在我的测试套件中测试。）