强制 TKinter 按钮输出到窗口底部？

Question

我对使用 TKinter 很陌生。我正在制作一个显示wine quality data sets 的描述性统计信息的 TKinter 窗口。我遇到的问题是定位。即使使用pack(side=BOTTOM)，直方图按钮也会显示在我拥有的列选项按钮旁边，如下所示：

理想情况下，我希望窗口看起来像这样：

我尝试在我制作标签“描述性统计”的同一个地方制作按钮，然后稍后配置它，但是虽然这会使按钮保持在我想要的位置，但直方图最终会出现在同一个地方。

编辑：我最初使用grid() 手动放置所有内容，但出于美学原因，我不喜欢按钮之间的空间如何随着添加更多对象而调整窗户。即使我已将所有pack()s 更改为grid()s，我也收到“无法使用pack() 和grid()”警告，特别是因为我的绘图功能，我想不通出去。所以最后我只是从grid() 切换到pack() 以避免不断出现该错误。

我的代码：

import tkinter as tk
from matplotlib.figure import Figure 
from matplotlib.backends.backend_tkagg import (FigureCanvasTkAgg, NavigationToolbar2Tk)

#the main window
root = tk.Tk()

root.title('Descriptive statistics for vinho verde datasets') 

#generate some labels    
lbl1 = tk.Label(root, text = "Wine choice:")
lbl1.pack(side=TOP)

lbl2 = tk.Label(root, text = "Descriptive statistics:")
lbl2.pack(side=BOTTOM)

def wine_choice(opt):
    #functions determining for which columns to output descriptive statistics
    def describe(colm):
        if opt == 'white':
            res = white[colm].describe()
        else:
            res = red[colm].describe()
        txt = "\nDescriptive statistics for {0} wine, {1}:\n\n{2}"
        lbl2.config(text = txt.format(opt,colm,res)) 
    
        def b_plot(): 
            #figure that will contain the plot 
            fig = Figure(figsize = (5, 5), dpi = 75) 
            p1 = fig.add_subplot() 
        
            if opt == 'white':
                p1.hist(white[colm])
            else:
                p1.hist(red[colm])
        
            #creating the canvas containing figure and placing on the window 
            canvas = FigureCanvasTkAgg(fig, root)   
            canvas.draw() 
            canvas.get_tk_widget().pack(side=BOTTOM)
        
        btn_p = tk.Button(root, command = b_plot, width=10, height=3, text = "Histogram").pack(side=BOTTOM)
    
    lbl3 = tk.Label(root, text = "Pick an attribute to investigate:")
    lbl3.pack(side=TOP)

    #spawn attribute buttons after user chooses a wine
    #generate buttons
    btn3 = tk.Button(root, text='fixed acidity', width=10, height=3)
    btn3.pack(side=LEFT)
    btn3.bind('<Button-1>', lambda e: describe('fixed acidity'))

    btn4 = tk.Button(root, text='volatile\nacidity', width=10, height=3)
    btn4.pack(side=LEFT)
    btn4.bind('<Button-1>', lambda e: describe('volatile acidity'))

    btn5 = tk.Button(root, text='citric\nacid', width=10, height=3)
    btn5.pack(side=LEFT)
    btn5.bind('<Button-1>', lambda e: describe('citric acid'))

    btn6 = tk.Button(root, text='residual\nsugar', width=10, height=3)
    btn6.pack(side=LEFT)
    btn6.bind('<Button-1>', lambda e: describe('residual sugar'))

    btn7 = tk.Button(root, text='chlorides', width=10, height=3)
    btn7.pack(side=LEFT)
    btn7.bind('<Button-1>', lambda e: describe('chlorides'))

    btn8 = tk.Button(root, text='free\nsulfur\ndioxide', width=10, height=3)
    btn8.pack(side=LEFT)
    btn8.bind('<Button-1>', lambda e: describe('free sulfur dioxide'))

    btn9 = tk.Button(root, text='total\nsulfur\ndioxide', width=10, height=3)
    btn9.pack(side=LEFT)
    btn9.bind('<Button-1>', lambda e: describe('total sulfur dioxide'))

    btn10 = tk.Button(root, text='density', width=10, height=3)
    btn10.pack(side=LEFT)
    btn10.bind('<Button-1>', lambda e: describe('density'))

    btn11 = tk.Button(root, text='pH', width=10, height=3)
    btn11.pack(side=LEFT)
    btn11.bind('<Button-1>', lambda e: describe('pH'))

    btn12 = tk.Button(root, text='sulphates', width=10, height=3)
    btn12.pack(side=LEFT)
    btn12.bind('<Button-1>', lambda e: describe('sulphates'))

    btn13 = tk.Button(root, text='alcohol', width=10, height=3)
    btn13.pack(side=LEFT)
    btn13.bind('<Button-1>', lambda e: describe('alcohol'))

    btn14 = tk.Button(root, text='quality', width=10, height=3)
    btn14.pack(side=LEFT)
    btn14.bind('<Button-1>', lambda e: describe('quality'))

#buttons for wine choices
btn1 = tk.Button(root, text = "white", width=10, height=2)
btn1.pack(side=TOP)
#remember which button user picks
btn1.bind('<Button-1>', lambda e: wine_choice('white'))

btn2 = tk.Button(root, text = "red", width=10, height=2)
btn2.pack(side=TOP)
btn2.bind('<Button-1>', lambda e: wine_choice('red'))

#must be called for window to be drawn and events to be processed
root.mainloop()

Answer 1

解决方案是将您的 UI 分解为逻辑组，并使用框架来组织逻辑组。你可以让你拥有的东西发挥作用，但使用框架来组织你的小部件要容易得多。

我可能看到四个逻辑组：

• 一组垂直堆叠的两个按钮
• 十几个垂直排列的按钮
• 带有“直方图”按钮的统计数据块
• 直方图

因此，首先创建四个框架，每个部分一个。垂直堆叠最好使用pack。

完成此操作后，将各种小部件放入其中一个框架中。每个框架从布局角度来看都是独立的，因此您可以在每个框架中使用grid 或pack。不过，由于每个组似乎是一个垂直或水平分组，pack 可能在所有情况下都能发挥最佳效果，因为它擅长以最少的代码行从左到右和从上到下的布局。