概述
您可以,但前提是您编写了可能永远不会出现在生产软件中的恶意代码。那么让我们开始吧!
我不打算将它集成到您的库中,但我将向您展示如何挂钩 f 字符串的行为。大致是这样的:
- 编写一个操作代码对象的字节码指令的函数,将
FORMAT_VALUE 指令替换为对钩子函数的调用;
- 自定义导入机制以确保每个模块和包(标准库模块和站点包除外)的字节码都使用该函数进行修改。
您可以在https://github.com/mivdnber/formathack 获得完整的源代码,但所有内容都在下面进行了解释。
免责声明
这个解决方案不是很好,因为
- 根本无法保证这不会破坏完全不相关的代码;
- 无法保证此处描述的字节码操作将在较新的 Python 版本中继续工作。它绝对不适用于不编译为 CPython 兼容字节码的替代 Python 实现。 PyPy 理论上可以工作,但这里描述的解决方案不能工作,因为 bytecode package 不是 100% 兼容的。
然而,它是一种解决方案,并且字节码操作已成功用于像PonyORM 这样的流行包中。请记住,它很hacky、复杂并且可能需要大量维护。
第 1 部分:字节码操作
Python 代码不是直接执行的,而是首先编译成一种更简单的中介、非人类可读的基于堆栈的语言,称为 Python 字节码(它是 *.pyc 文件中的内容)。要了解该字节码的样子,您可以使用standard library dis module 来检查一个简单函数的字节码:
def invalid_format(x):
return f"{x:foo}"
调用此函数会导致异常,但我们会尽快“修复”该问题。
>>> invalid_format("bar")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 2, in invalid_format
ValueError: Invalid format specifier
要检查字节码,请启动 Python 控制台并调用 dis.dis:
>>> import dis
>>> dis.dis(invalid_format)
2 0 LOAD_FAST 0 (x)
2 LOAD_CONST 1 ('foo')
4 FORMAT_VALUE 4 (with format)
6 RETURN_VALUE
我在下面的输出中添加了注释来解释发生了什么:
# line 2 # Put the value of function parameter x on the stack
2 0 LOAD_FAST 0 (x)
# Put the format spec on the stack as a string
2 LOAD_CONST 1 ('foo')
# Pop both values from the stack and perform the actual formatting
# This puts the formatted string on the stack
4 FORMAT_VALUE 4 (with format)
# pop the result from the stack and return it
6 RETURN_VALUE
这里的想法是将FORMAT_VALUE 指令替换为对钩子函数的调用,该函数允许我们实现我们想要的任何行为。现在让我们像这样实现它:
def formathack_hook__(value, format_spec=None):
"""
Gets called whenever a value is formatted. Right now it's a silly implementation,
but it can be expanded with all sorts of nasty hacks.
"""
return f"{value} formatted with {format_spec}"
为了替换指令,我使用了bytecode package,它为做可怕的事情提供了非常好的抽象。
from bytecode import Bytecode
def formathack_rewrite_bytecode__(code):
"""
Modifies a code object to override the behavior of the FORMAT_VALUE
instructions used by f-strings.
"""
decompiled = Bytecode.from_code(code)
modified_instructions = []
for instruction in decompiled:
name = getattr(instruction, 'name', None)
if name == 'FORMAT_VALUE':
# 0x04 means that a format spec is present
if instruction.arg & 0x04 == 0x04:
callback_arg_count = 2
else:
callback_arg_count = 1
modified_instructions.extend([
# Load in the callback
Instr("LOAD_GLOBAL", "formathack_hook__"),
# Shuffle around the top of the stack to put the arguments on top
# of the function global
Instr("ROT_THREE" if callback_arg_count == 2 else "ROT_TWO"),
# Call the callback function instead of executing FORMAT_VALUE
Instr("CALL_FUNCTION", callback_arg_count)
])
# Kind of nasty: we want to recursively alter the code of functions.
elif name == 'LOAD_CONST' and isinstance(instruction.arg, types.CodeType):
modified_instructions.extend([
Instr("LOAD_CONST", formathack_rewrite_bytecode__(instruction.arg), lineno=instruction.lineno)
])
else:
modified_instructions.append(instruction)
modified_bytecode = Bytecode(modified_instructions)
# For functions, copy over argument definitions
modified_bytecode.argnames = decompiled.argnames
modified_bytecode.argcount = decompiled.argcount
modified_bytecode.name = decompiled.name
return modified_bytecode.to_code()
我们现在可以让我们之前定义的invalid_format 函数工作:
>>> invalid_format.__code__ = formathack_rewrite_bytecode__(invalid_format.__code__)
>>> invalid_format("bar")
'bar formatted with foo'
成功!手动诅咒带有受污染字节码的代码对象本身不会使我们的灵魂遭受永恒的痛苦;为此,我们应该自动操作所有代码。
第 2 部分:挂钩到导入过程
为了让新的 f-string 行为无处不在,而不仅仅是在手动修补的函数中,我们可以使用标准库 importlib 模块提供的功能,使用自定义模块查找器和加载器自定义 Python 模块导入过程:
class _FormatHackLoader(importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader):
"""
A module loader that modifies the code of the modules it imports to override
the behavior of f-strings. Nasty stuff.
"""
@classmethod
def find_spec(cls, name, path, target=None):
# Start out with a spec from a default finder
spec = importlib.machinery.PathFinder.find_spec(
fullname=name,
# Only apply to modules and packages in the current directory
# This prevents standard library modules or site-packages
# from being patched.
path=[""],
target=target
)
if spec is None:
return None
# Modify the loader in the spec to this loader
spec.loader = cls(name, spec.origin)
return spec
def get_code(self, fullname):
# This is called by exec_module to get the code of the module
# to execute it.
code = super().get_code(fullname)
# Rewrite the code to modify the f-string formatting opcodes
rewritten_code = formathack_rewrite_bytecode__(code)
return rewritten_code
def exec_module(self, module):
# We introduce the callback that hooks into the f-string formatting
# process in every imported module
module.__dict__["formathack_hook__"] = formathack_hook__
return super().exec_module(module)
为了确保 Python 解释器使用这个加载器来导入所有文件,我们必须将它添加到 sys.meta_path:
def install():
# If the _FormatHackLoader is not registered as a finder,
# do it now!
if sys.meta_path[0] is not _FormatHackLoader:
sys.meta_path.insert(0, _FormatHackLoader)
# Tricky part: we want to be able to use our custom f-string behavior
# in the main module where install was called. That module was loaded
# with a standard loader though, so that's impossible without additional
# dirty hacks.
# Here, we execute the module _again_, this time with _FormatHackLoader
module_globals = inspect.currentframe().f_back.f_globals
module_name = module_globals["__name__"]
module_file = module_globals["__file__"]
loader = _FormatHackLoader(module_name, module_file)
loader.load_module(module_name)
# This is actually pretty important. If we don't exit here, the main module
# will continue from the formathack.install method, causing it to run twice!
sys.exit(0)
如果我们将它们放在一个 formathack 模块中(请参阅 https://github.com/mivdnber/formathack 以获取集成的工作示例),我们现在可以像这样使用它:
# In your main Python module, install formathack ASAP
import formathack
formathack.install()
# From now on, f-string behavior will be overridden!
print(f"{foo:bar}")
# -> "foo formatted with bar"
原来如此!您可以对此进行扩展以使钩子函数更加智能和有用(例如,通过注册处理某些格式说明符的函数)。