在使用requests module 时，有没有办法打印原始 HTTP 请求？
我不只想要标题，我想要请求行、标题和内容打印输出。是否可以看到最终由 HTTP 请求构造的内容？
【问题讨论】：
requests 功能，因为这意味着重写/绕过urllib3 和httplib。请参阅下面的堆栈跟踪
标签： python http python-requests
Since v1.2.3Requests 添加了 PreparedRequest 对象。根据文档“它包含将发送到服务器的确切字节”。
可以使用它来漂亮地打印请求，如下所示：
import requests
req = requests.Request('POST','http://stackoverflow.com',headers={'X-Custom':'Test'},data='a=1&b=2')
prepared = req.prepare()
def pretty_print_POST(req):
"""
At this point it is completely built and ready
to be fired; it is "prepared".
However pay attention at the formatting used in
this function because it is programmed to be pretty
printed and may differ from the actual request.
"""
print('{}\n{}\r\n{}\r\n\r\n{}'.format(
'-----------START-----------',
req.method + ' ' + req.url,
'\r\n'.join('{}: {}'.format(k, v) for k, v in req.headers.items()),
req.body,
))
pretty_print_POST(prepared)
产生：
-----------START-----------
POST http://stackoverflow.com/
Content-Length: 7
X-Custom: Test
a=1&b=2
然后你可以用这个发送实际的请求：
s = requests.Session()
s.send(prepared)
这些链接指向可用的最新文档，因此它们的内容可能会有所变化： Advanced - Prepared requests 和 API - Lower level classes
【讨论】：
2.0.0，但不是1.2.3
response = requests.post(...)（或requests.get或requests.put等）方法，实际上可以通过response.request得到PreparedResponse。如果您不需要在收到响应之前访问原始http数据，它可以节省手动操作requests.Request和requests.Session的工作。
import requests
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data={'key1':'value1'})
print(response.request.url)
print(response.request.body)
print(response.request.headers)
Response 对象有一个 .request property，这是发送的原始 PreparedRequest 对象。
【讨论】：
一个更好的主意是使用 requests_toolbelt 库，它可以将请求和响应作为字符串转储，以便您打印到控制台。它可以处理上述解决方案无法很好处理的文件和编码的所有棘手情况。
就这么简单：
import requests
from requests_toolbelt.utils import dump
resp = requests.get('https://httpbin.org/redirect/5')
data = dump.dump_all(resp)
print(data.decode('utf-8'))
来源：https://toolbelt.readthedocs.org/en/latest/dumputils.html
您只需键入以下内容即可安装它：
pip install requests_toolbelt
【讨论】：
注意：此答案已过时。较新版本的requests 支持直接获取请求内容，如AntonioHerraizS's answer 文档。
不可能从requests 中获取请求的true 原始内容，因为它只处理更高级别的对象，例如headers 和方法类型。 requests 使用 urllib3 发送请求，但 urllib3 也 不处理原始数据 - 它使用 httplib。这是请求的代表性堆栈跟踪：
-> r= requests.get("http://google.com")
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/api.py(55)get()
-> return request('get', url, **kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/api.py(44)request()
-> return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py(382)request()
-> resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/sessions.py(485)send()
-> r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/adapters.py(324)send()
-> timeout=timeout
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py(478)urlopen()
-> body=body, headers=headers)
/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/requests/packages/urllib3/connectionpool.py(285)_make_request()
-> conn.request(method, url, **httplib_request_kw)
/usr/lib/python2.7/httplib.py(958)request()
-> self._send_request(method, url, body, headers)
在httplib机制内部，我们可以看到HTTPConnection._send_request间接使用HTTPConnection._send_output，最终创建原始请求和体（如果存在），并使用HTTPConnection.send发送他们分开。 send 终于到达套接字了。
由于没有钩子可以做你想做的事，作为最后的手段，你可以猴子补丁httplib 来获取内容。这是一个脆弱的解决方案，如果 httplib 发生更改，您可能需要对其进行调整。如果您打算使用此解决方案分发软件，您可能需要考虑打包 httplib 而不是使用系统的，这很容易，因为它是一个纯 python 模块。
唉，废话不多说，解决办法：
import requests
import httplib
def patch_send():
old_send= httplib.HTTPConnection.send
def new_send( self, data ):
print data
return old_send(self, data) #return is not necessary, but never hurts, in case the library is changed
httplib.HTTPConnection.send= new_send
patch_send()
requests.get("http://www.python.org")
产生输出：
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: www.python.org
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, compress
Accept: */*
User-Agent: python-requests/2.1.0 CPython/2.7.3 Linux/3.2.0-23-generic-pae
【讨论】：
patch_send，只调用一次，在导入httplib之后
requests 支持所谓的event hooks（从 2.23 开始，实际上只有 response 挂钩）。该钩子可用于打印完整请求-响应对数据的请求，包括有效 URL、标头和正文，例如：
import textwrap
import requests
def print_roundtrip(response, *args, **kwargs):
format_headers = lambda d: '\n'.join(f'{k}: {v}' for k, v in d.items())
print(textwrap.dedent('''
---------------- request ----------------
{req.method} {req.url}
{reqhdrs}
{req.body}
---------------- response ----------------
{res.status_code} {res.reason} {res.url}
{reshdrs}
{res.text}
''').format(
req=response.request,
res=response,
reqhdrs=format_headers(response.request.headers),
reshdrs=format_headers(response.headers),
))
requests.get('https://httpbin.org/', hooks={'response': print_roundtrip})
运行它会打印：
---------------- request ----------------
GET https://httpbin.org/
User-Agent: python-requests/2.23.0
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept: */*
Connection: keep-alive
None
---------------- response ----------------
200 OK https://httpbin.org/
Date: Thu, 14 May 2020 17:16:13 GMT
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 9593
Connection: keep-alive
Server: gunicorn/19.9.0
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
...
</html>
如果响应是二进制的，您可能需要将 res.text 更改为 res.content。
【讨论】：
这里是一个代码，它是相同的，但带有响应头：
import socket
def patch_requests():
old_readline = socket._fileobject.readline
if not hasattr(old_readline, 'patched'):
def new_readline(self, size=-1):
res = old_readline(self, size)
print res,
return res
new_readline.patched = True
socket._fileobject.readline = new_readline
patch_requests()
我花了很多时间寻找这个，所以我把它留在这里，如果有人需要的话。
【讨论】：
我使用以下函数来格式化请求。就像 @AntonioHerraizS 一样，除了它也会在正文中漂亮地打印 JSON 对象，并且它会标记请求的所有部分。
format_json = functools.partial(json.dumps, indent=2, sort_keys=True)
indent = functools.partial(textwrap.indent, prefix=' ')
def format_prepared_request(req):
"""Pretty-format 'requests.PreparedRequest'
Example:
res = requests.post(...)
print(format_prepared_request(res.request))
req = requests.Request(...)
req = req.prepare()
print(format_prepared_request(res.request))
"""
headers = '\n'.join(f'{k}: {v}' for k, v in req.headers.items())
content_type = req.headers.get('Content-Type', '')
if 'application/json' in content_type:
try:
body = format_json(json.loads(req.body))
except json.JSONDecodeError:
body = req.body
else:
body = req.body
s = textwrap.dedent("""
REQUEST
=======
endpoint: {method} {url}
headers:
{headers}
body:
{body}
=======
""").strip()
s = s.format(
method=req.method,
url=req.url,
headers=indent(headers),
body=indent(body),
)
return s
我有一个类似的函数来格式化响应：
def format_response(resp):
"""Pretty-format 'requests.Response'"""
headers = '\n'.join(f'{k}: {v}' for k, v in resp.headers.items())
content_type = resp.headers.get('Content-Type', '')
if 'application/json' in content_type:
try:
body = format_json(resp.json())
except json.JSONDecodeError:
body = resp.text
else:
body = resp.text
s = textwrap.dedent("""
RESPONSE
========
status_code: {status_code}
headers:
{headers}
body:
{body}
========
""").strip()
s = s.format(
status_code=resp.status_code,
headers=indent(headers),
body=indent(body),
)
return s
【讨论】：
A fork of @AntonioHerraizS answer（如 cmets 中所述，缺少 HTTP 版本）
使用此代码获取表示原始 HTTP 数据包的字符串，而不发送它：
import requests
def get_raw_request(request):
request = request.prepare() if isinstance(request, requests.Request) else request
headers = '\r\n'.join(f'{k}: {v}' for k, v in request.headers.items())
body = '' if request.body is None else request.body.decode() if isinstance(request.body, bytes) else request.body
return f'{request.method} {request.path_url} HTTP/1.1\r\n{headers}\r\n\r\n{body}'
headers = {'User-Agent': 'Test'}
request = requests.Request('POST', 'https://stackoverflow.com', headers=headers, json={"hello": "world"})
raw_request = get_raw_request(request)
print(raw_request)
结果：
POST / HTTP/1.1
User-Agent: Test
Content-Length: 18
Content-Type: application/json
{"hello": "world"}
?也可以在响应对象中打印请求
r = requests.get('https://stackoverflow.com') raw_request = get_raw_request(r.request) print(raw_request)
【讨论】：
test_print.py 内容：
import logging
import pytest
import requests
from requests_toolbelt.utils import dump
def print_raw_http(response):
data = dump.dump_all(response, request_prefix=b'', response_prefix=b'')
return '\n' * 2 + data.decode('utf-8')
@pytest.fixture
def logger():
log = logging.getLogger()
log.addHandler(logging.StreamHandler())
log.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
return log
def test_print_response(logger):
session = requests.Session()
response = session.get('http://127.0.0.1:5000/')
assert response.status_code == 300, logger.warning(print_raw_http(response))
hello.py 内容：
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
return 'Hello, World!'
运行：
$ python -m flask hello.py
$ python -m pytest test_print.py
标准输出：
------------------------------ Captured log call ------------------------------
DEBUG urllib3.connectionpool:connectionpool.py:225 Starting new HTTP connection (1): 127.0.0.1:5000
DEBUG urllib3.connectionpool:connectionpool.py:437 http://127.0.0.1:5000 "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 13
WARNING root:test_print_raw_response.py:25
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:5000
User-Agent: python-requests/2.23.0
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept: */*
Connection: keep-alive
HTTP/1.0 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 13
Server: Werkzeug/1.0.1 Python/3.6.8
Date: Thu, 24 Sep 2020 21:00:54 GMT
Hello, World!
【讨论】：