使用 python WeakSet 启用回调功能

Question

我正在研究是否可以在 python 中实现简单的回调功能。我想我也许可以为此使用weakref.WeakSet，但显然我遗漏了一些东西或误解了一些东西。正如您在代码中看到的那样，我首先尝试使用“ClassA”对象中的回调方法列表，但意识到这会使已添加到回调列表中的对象保持活动状态。相反，我尝试使用 weakref.WeakSet 但这也不起作用（至少不是这样）。最后四行代码中的注释解释了我想要发生的事情。

谁能帮我解决这个问题？

from weakref import WeakSet
class ClassA:
    def __init__(self):
        #self.destroyCallback=[]
        self.destroyCallback=WeakSet()
    def __del__(self):
        print('ClassA object %d is being destroyed' %id(self))
        for f in self.destroyCallback:
            f(self)
class ClassB:
    def destroyedObjectListener(self,obj):
        print('ClassB object %d is called because obj %d is being destroyed'%(id(self),id(obj)))
a1=ClassA()
a2=ClassA()
b=ClassB()

a1.destroyCallback.add(b.destroyedObjectListener)
#a1.destroyCallback.append(b.destroyedObjectListener)
print('destroyCallback len() of obj: %d is: %d'%(id(a1),len(a1.destroyCallback))) # should be 1

a2.destroyCallback.add(b.destroyedObjectListener)
#a2.destroyCallback.append(b.destroyedObjectListener)
print('destroyCallback len() of obj: %d is: %d'%(id(a2),len(a2.destroyCallback))) # should be 1

del a1 # Should call b.destroyedObjectListener(self) in its __del__ method

del b # should result in no strong refs to b so a2's WeakSet should automatically remove added item

print('destroyCallback len() of obj: %d is: %d'%(id(a2),len(a2.destroyCallback))) # should be 0
del a2 # Should call __del__ method

更新：基于已接受答案的解决方案可以在 github 上找到：git@github.com:thgis/PythonEvent.git

Answer 1

您不能创建对方法对象的弱引用。方法对象是短暂的；它们是在您访问实例上的名称时动态创建的。请参阅descriptor howto 是如何工作的。

当您访问一个方法名称时，会为您创建一个 new 方法对象，然后当您将该方法添加到 WeakSet 时，不再存在对它的其他引用，因此垃圾回收愉快地再次清理它。

您必须存储一些不那么短暂的东西。存储实例对象本身会起作用，然后在注册的回调上调用预定义的方法：

def __del__(self):
    for f in self.destroyCallback:
        f.destroyedObjectListener(self)

并注册：

a1.destroyCallback.add(b)

您还可以通过给__call__ 方法提供__call__ 方法，使b 自身成为可调用对象：

class ClassB:
    def __call__(self,obj):
        print('ClassB object %d is called because obj %d '
              'is being destroyed' % (id(self), id(obj)))

另一种方法是存储对底层函数对象的引用以及对实例的引用：

import weakref


class ClassA:
    def __init__(self):
        self._callbacks = []
    
    def registerCallback(self, callback):
        try:
            # methods
            callback_ref = weakref.ref(callback.__func__), weakref.ref(callback.__self__)
        except AttributeError:
            callback_ref = weakref.ref(callback), None
        self._callbacks.append(callback_ref)

    def __del__(self):
        for callback_ref in self._callbacks:
            callback, arg = callback_ref[0](), callback_ref[1]
            if arg is not None:
                # method
                arg = arg()
                if arg is None:
                    # instance is gone
                    continue
                callback(arg, self)
                continue
            else:
                if callback is None:
                    # callback has been deleted already
                    continue
                callback(self)

演示：

>>> class ClassB:
...     def listener(self, deleted):
...         print('ClassA {} was deleted, notified ClassB {}'.format(id(deleted), id(self)))
... 
>>> def listener1(deleted):
...     print('ClassA {} was deleted, notified listener1'.format(id(deleted)))
... 
>>> def listener2(deleted):
...     print('ClassA {} was deleted, notified listener2'.format(id(deleted)))
... 
>>> # setup, one ClassA and 4 listeners (2 methods, 2 functions)
... 
>>> a = ClassA()
>>> b1 = ClassB()
>>> b2 = ClassB()
>>> a.registerCallback(b1.listener)
>>> a.registerCallback(b2.listener)
>>> a.registerCallback(listener1)
>>> a.registerCallback(listener2)
>>> 
>>> # deletion, we delete one instance of ClassB, and one function
... 
>>> del b1
>>> del listener1
>>> 
>>> # Deleting the ClassA instance will only notify the listeners still remaining
... 
>>> del a
ClassA 4435440336 was deleted, notified ClassB 4435541648
ClassA 4435440336 was deleted, notified listener2

Answer 2

尝试以下更改：

要更新 WeakSet：

a1.destroyCallback.add(b)

所以 WeakSet 持有对 b 的引用。

然后在ClassA的__del__方法中，像这样触发回调：

for f in self.destroyCallback:
        f.destroyedObjectListener(self)