【发布时间】：2014-01-11 04:04:00
【问题描述】：
我刚刚写了一个很好的库，它可以很好地处理在 C 中分配在堆上的动态数组。它支持许多操作，使用起来相对简单，“感觉”几乎就像一个普通的旧数组一样。也很容易基于它来模拟很多数据结构（栈、队列、堆等……）
它可以处理任何类型的数组，但问题是每次编译只有一个类型。 C 没有模板，因此不可能在同一程序中拥有例如动态整数数组和动态字符数组，这是一个问题。
我还没有找到任何真正的解决方案，我发现的所有内容都涉及 void*，不，我不想要一个 void 指针数组。能够放置指针很好，但我也希望能够拥有一个原始数据类型的数组。 （例如，您可以添加 3，然后像这样访问它：array.data[i]
我应该：
为我想使用的每种类型复制/粘贴一次库（很糟糕，但它会起作用并且很高效）
把它做成一个巨大的宏，我可以用我想要的类型进行扩展（所以它的效果和 1 一样，但是有点优雅和实用）
将指向元素的大小设置为变量，该变量是动态数组结构的一部分。大多数情况下都可以工作，但是直接获取和返回动态数组类型的函数会出现问题。 void* 并不总是一个可行的选择
当我需要这些高级功能时，放弃这个想法并改用 C++
图书馆的工作方式是这样的：用法
/* Variable length array library for C language
* Usage :
* Declare a variable length array like this :
*
* da my_array;
*
* Always initialize like this :
*
* da_init(&da); // Creates a clean empty array
*
* Set a length to an array :
*
* da_setlength(&da, n); // Note : if elements are added they'll be uninitialized
* // If elements are removed, they're permanently lost
*
* Always free memory before it goes out of scope (avoid mem leaks !)
*
* da_destroy(&da);
*
* Access elements much like a normal array :
* - No boundary checks : da.data[i]
* - With boundary checks (debug) : da_get(data, i)
*
* da.length; // Return the current length of the variable length array (do NOT set the length by affecting this !! Use da_setlength instead.)
*
* You can add single elements at the end and beginning of array with
*
* da_add(&da, value); // Add at the end
* da_push(&da, value); // Add at the front
*
* Retrieve values at the end and front of array (while removing them) with
*
* da_remove(&da); // From the end
* da_pop(&da); // From the front
*
* Concatenate it with a standard array or another variable length array of same type with
*
* da_append(&da, array, array_length); // Standard array
* da_append(&da, &db); // Another variable length array
*/
实施（对不起，它很大，但为了问题的完整性，我必须给出它）
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
// Increment by which blocks are reserved on the heap
#define ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE 16
// The type that the variable length array will contain. In this case it's "int", but it can be anything really (including pointers, arrays, structs, etc...)
typedef int da_type;
// Commend this to disable all kinds of bounds and security checks (once you're sure your program is fully tested, gains efficiency)
#define DEBUG_RUNTIME_CHECK_BOUNDS
// Data structure for variable length array variables
typedef struct
{
da_type *start; // Points to start of memory allocated region
da_type *data; // Points to logical start of array
da_type *end; // Points to end of memory allocated region
size_t length; // Length of the array
}
da;
// Initialize variable length array, allocate 2 blocks and put start pointer at the beginning
void da_init(da *da)
{
da_type *ptr = malloc(ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE * sizeof(da_type));
if(ptr == 0) exit(1);
da->start = ptr;
da->data = ptr;
da->end = da->start + ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE;
da->length = 0;
}
// Set the da size directly
void da_setlength(da *da, size_t newsize)
{
if(newsize % ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE != 0)
newsize += ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE - newsize % ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE;
ptrdiff_t offs = da->data - da->start;
da_type *ptr = realloc(da->start, newsize * sizeof(da_type));
if(!ptr) exit(1);
da->start = ptr;
da->data = ptr + offs;
da->end = ptr + newsize;
da->length = newsize;
}
// Destroy the variable length array (basically just frees memory)
void da_destroy(da* da)
{
free(da->start);
#ifdef DEBUG_RUNTIME_CHECK_BOUNDS
da->start = NULL;
da->data = NULL;
da->end = NULL;
da->length = 0;
#endif
}
// Get an element of the array with it's index
#ifdef DEBUG_RUNTIME_CHECK_BOUNDS
//Get an element of the array with bounds checking
da_type da_get(da *da, unsigned int index)
{
if(index >= da->length)
{
printf("da error : index %u is out of bounds\n", index);
exit(1);
}
return da->data[index];
}
//Set an element of the array with bounds checking
void da_set(da *da, unsigned int index, da_type data)
{
if(index >= da->length)
{
printf("da error : index %u is out of bounds\n", index);
exit(1);
}
da->data[index] = data;
}
#else
//Get an element of the array without bounds checking
#define da_get(da, index) ((da)->data[(index)])
//Set an element of the array without bounds checking
#define da_set(da, index, v) (da_get(da, index) = v)
#endif
// Add an element at the end of the array
void da_add(da *da, da_type i)
{ // If no more memory
if(da->data + da->length >= da->end)
{ // Increase size of allocated memory block
ptrdiff_t offset = da->data - da->start;
ptrdiff_t newsize = da->end - da->start + ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE;
da_type *ptr = realloc(da->start, newsize * sizeof(da_type));
if(!ptr) exit(1);
da->data = ptr + offset;
da->end = ptr + newsize;
da->start = ptr;
}
da->data[da->length] = i;
da->length += 1;
}
// Remove element at the end of the array (and returns it)
da_type da_remove(da *da)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_RUNTIME_CHECK_BOUNDS
if(da->length == 0)
{
printf("Error - try to remove item from empty array");
exit(1);
}
#endif
//Read last element of the array
da->length -= 1;
da_type ret_value = da->data[da->length];
//Remove redundant memory if there is too much of it
if(da->end - (da->data + da->length) > ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE)
{
ptrdiff_t offset = da->data - da->start;
ptrdiff_t newsize = da->end - da->start - ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE;
da_type *ptr = realloc(da->start, newsize * sizeof(da_type));
if(!ptr) exit(1);
da->data = ptr + offset;
da->end = ptr + newsize;
da->start = ptr;
}
return ret_value;
}
// Add element at the start of array
void da_push(da *da, da_type i)
{ //If array reaches bottom of the allocated space, we need to allocate more
if(da->data == da->start)
{
ptrdiff_t newsize = da->end - da->start + ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE;
da_type *ptr = realloc(da->start, newsize * sizeof(da_type));
if(!ptr) exit(1);
memmove(ptr + ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE, ptr, da->length * sizeof(da_type));
da->data = ptr + ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE;
da->start = ptr;
da->end = ptr + newsize;
}
// Store element at start of array
da->length += 1;
da->data -= 1;
da->data[0] = i;
}
//Remove 1st element of array (and return it)
da_type da_pop(da *da)
{
#ifdef DEBUG_RUNTIME_CHECK_BOUNDS
if(da->length == 0)
{
printf("Error - try to remove item from empty array");
exit(1);
}
#endif
da_type ret_value = da->data[0];
da->length -= 1;
da->data += 1;
ptrdiff_t offset = da->data - da->start;
if(offset > ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE)
{
ptrdiff_t newsize = da->end - da->start - ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE;
da_type *ptr = realloc(da->start, newsize * sizeof(da_type));
if(!ptr) exit(1);
memmove(ptr + offset - ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE, ptr + offset, da->length * sizeof(da_type));
da->data = ptr + offset - ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE;
da->start = ptr;
da->end = ptr + newsize;
}
return ret_value;
}
// Append array t to s
void da_array_append(da *s, const da_type *t, size_t t_len)
{
if((s->length + t_len) > (s->end - s->start))
{ // Should reserve more space in the heap
ptrdiff_t offset = s->data - s->start;
ptrdiff_t newsize = s->length + t_len;
// Guarantees that new size is multiple of alloc block size
if(t_len % ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE != 0)
newsize += ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE - (t_len % ALLOC_BLOCK_SIZE);
da_type *ptr = malloc(newsize * sizeof(da_type));
if(!ptr) exit(1);
memcpy(ptr, s->data, s->length * sizeof(da_type));
memcpy(ptr + s->length, t, t_len * sizeof(da_type));
free(s->start);
s->data = ptr;
s->start = ptr;
s->end = ptr + newsize;
}
else
// Enough space in heap buffer -> do it the simple way
memmove(s->data + s->length, t, t_len * sizeof(da_type));
s->length += t_len;
}
// Append a da is a particular case of appending an array
#define da_append(s, t) da_array_append(s, (t)->data, (t)->length)
【问题讨论】：