在我的项目中，我使用 python requests library 处理所有 HTTP 请求。
现在，我需要使用特定的 DNS 查询 http 服务器 - 有两个环境，每个环境都使用自己的 DNS，并且单独进行更改。
因此，当代码运行时，它应该使用特定于环境的 DNS，而不是我的互联网连接中指定的 DNS。
有没有人使用 python-requests 尝试过这个？我只找到了 urllib2 的解决方案：
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4623090/python-set-custom-dns-server-for-urllib-requests
【问题讨论】：
标签： python http dns urllib python-requests
requests 使用urllib3，最终也使用httplib.HTTPConnection，因此来自https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4623090/python-set-custom-dns-server-for-urllib-requests 的技术（现已删除，它仅链接到Tell urllib2 to use custom DNS）仍然适用，一定程度上。
urllib3.connection 模块以相同的名称继承 httplib.HTTPConnection，将 .connect() 方法替换为调用 self._new_conn 的方法。反过来，这代表urllib3.util.connection.create_connection()。修补那个函数可能是最简单的：
from urllib3.util import connection
_orig_create_connection = connection.create_connection
def patched_create_connection(address, *args, **kwargs):
"""Wrap urllib3's create_connection to resolve the name elsewhere"""
# resolve hostname to an ip address; use your own
# resolver here, as otherwise the system resolver will be used.
host, port = address
hostname = your_dns_resolver(host)
return _orig_create_connection((hostname, port), *args, **kwargs)
connection.create_connection = patched_create_connection
并且您需要提供自己的代码来将地址的 host 部分解析为 IP 地址，而不是依靠 connection.create_connection() 调用（包装 socket.create_connection()）为您解析主机名。
像所有猴子补丁一样，请注意代码在以后的版本中没有显着变化；这里的补丁是针对urllib3 1.21.1 版创建的。但应该适用于早至 1.9 的版本。
请注意，此答案已重新编写以适用于较新的 urllib3 版本，其中添加了更方便的修补位置。请参阅旧方法的编辑历史记录，适用于版本 urllib3 版本的补丁，而不是独立安装。
【讨论】：
def myResolver(host,dnssrv): r = dns.resolver.Resolver() r.nameservers = dnssrv answers = r.query(host, 'A') for rdata in answers: return str(rdata)，现在对于每个请求，我都可以动态定义哪个 DNS 应该解析主机名。非常非常感谢。
您应该查看TransportAdapters，包括源代码。它们的文档不是很好，但它们提供了对RFC 2818 和RFC 6125 中描述的许多功能的低级别访问。特别是，这些文档鼓励（要求？）客户端代码支持特定于应用程序的 DNS，以检查证书的 CommonName 和 SubjectAltName。您在这些调用中需要的关键字参数是“assert_hostname”。以下是使用 requests 库设置它的方法：
from requests import Session, HTTPError
from requests.adapters import HTTPAdapter, DEFAULT_POOLSIZE, DEFAULT_RETRIES, DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK
class DNSResolverHTTPSAdapter(HTTPAdapter):
def __init__(self, common_name, host, pool_connections=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE, pool_maxsize=DEFAULT_POOLSIZE,
max_retries=DEFAULT_RETRIES, pool_block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK):
self.__common_name = common_name
self.__host = host
super(DNSResolverHTTPSAdapter, self).__init__(pool_connections=pool_connections, pool_maxsize=pool_maxsize,
max_retries=max_retries, pool_block=pool_block)
def get_connection(self, url, proxies=None):
redirected_url = url.replace(self.__common_name, self.__host)
return super(DNSResolverHTTPSAdapter, self).get_connection(redirected_url, proxies=proxies)
def init_poolmanager(self, connections, maxsize, block=DEFAULT_POOLBLOCK, **pool_kwargs):
pool_kwargs['assert_hostname'] = self.__common_name
super(DNSResolverHTTPSAdapter, self).init_poolmanager(connections, maxsize, block=block, **pool_kwargs)
common_name = 'SuperSecretSarahServer'
host = '192.168.33.51'
port = 666
base_url = 'https://{}:{}/api/'.format(common_name, port)
my_session = Session()
my_session.mount(self.base_url.lower(), DNSResolverHTTPSAdapter(common_name, host))
user_name = 'sarah'
url = '{}users/{}'.format(self.base_url, user_name)
default_response_kwargs = {
'auth': (NAME, PASSWORD),
'headers': {'Content-Type': 'application/json'},
'verify': SSL_OPTIONS['ca_certs'],
'cert': (SSL_OPTIONS['certfile'], SSL_OPTIONS['keyfile'])
}
response = my_session.get(url, **default_response_kwargs)
我使用common_name 作为证书上预期的名称以及您的代码将如何引用所需的机器。我使用host 作为外部世界识别的名称——FQDN、IP、DNS 条目……当然，SSL_OPTIONS 字典（在我的示例中）必须列出您机器上的适当证书/密钥文件名。 （另外，NAME 和 PASSWORD 应该解析为正确的字符串。）
【讨论】：
定制的 HTTPAdapter 可以解决问题。
不要忘记设置server_hostname 以启用SNI。
import requests
class HostHeaderSSLAdapter(requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter):
def resolve(self, hostname):
# a dummy DNS resolver
import random
ips = [
'104.16.89.20', # CloudFlare
'151.101.2.109', # Fastly
]
resolutions = {
'cdn.jsdelivr.net': random.choice(ips),
}
return resolutions.get(hostname)
def send(self, request, **kwargs):
from urllib.parse import urlparse
connection_pool_kwargs = self.poolmanager.connection_pool_kw
result = urlparse(request.url)
resolved_ip = self.resolve(result.hostname)
if result.scheme == 'https' and resolved_ip:
request.url = request.url.replace(
'https://' + result.hostname,
'https://' + resolved_ip,
)
connection_pool_kwargs['server_hostname'] = result.hostname # SNI
connection_pool_kwargs['assert_hostname'] = result.hostname
# overwrite the host header
request.headers['Host'] = result.hostname
else:
# theses headers from a previous request may have been left
connection_pool_kwargs.pop('server_hostname', None)
connection_pool_kwargs.pop('assert_hostname', None)
return super(HostHeaderSSLAdapter, self).send(request, **kwargs)
url = 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap/LICENSE'
session = requests.Session()
session.mount('https://', HostHeaderSSLAdapter())
r = session.get(url)
print(r.headers)
r = session.get(url)
print(r.headers)
我知道这是一个旧线程，但这是我使用 tldextract 和 dnspython 的 python3 兼容解决方案。我留下了一些注释掉的代码来说明如何调试和设置额外的会话参数。
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import sys
from pprint import pprint as pp
import requests
import dns.resolver # NOTE: dnspython package
import tldextract
class CustomAdapter(requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter):
def __init__(self, nameservers):
self.nameservers = nameservers
super().__init__()
def resolve(self, host, nameservers, record_type):
dns_resolver = dns.resolver.Resolver()
dns_resolver.nameservers = nameservers
answers = dns_resolver.query(host, record_type)
for rdata in answers:
return str(rdata)
def get_connection(self, url, proxies=None):
ext = tldextract.extract(url)
fqdn = ".".join([ ext.subdomain, ext.domain, ext.suffix ])
print("FQDN: {}".format(fqdn))
a_record = self.resolve(fqdn, nameservers, 'A')
print("A record: {}".format(a_record))
resolved_url = url.replace(fqdn, a_record) # NOTE: Replace first occurrence only
print("Resolved URL: {}".format(resolved_url))
return super().get_connection(resolved_url, proxies=proxies)
if __name__ == "__main__":
if len(sys.argv) != 2:
print("Usage: {} <url>".format(sys.argv[0]))
sys.exit(0)
url = sys.argv[1]
nameservers = [
'208.67.222.222', # NOTE: OpenDNS
'8.8.8.8' # NOTE: Google
]
session = requests.Session()
session.mount(url, CustomAdapter(nameservers))
parameters = {
# "headers": {'Content-Type': 'application/json'},
# "timeout" : 45,
# "stream" : True
# "proxies" : {
# "http": "http://your_http_proxy:8080/",
# "https": "http://your_https_proxy:8081/"
# },
# "auth": (name, password),
# ...
}
response = session.get(url, **parameters)
pp(response.__dict__)
这里是控制台输出：
$ ./run.py http://www.test.com
FQDN: www.test.com
A record: 69.172.200.235
Resolved URL: http://69.172.200.235/
{'_content': b'<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3'
b'.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">\n<html>\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv="C'
b'ontent-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">\n<meta '
b'http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript">\n'
b'<script type="text/javascript">\nfunction getCookie(c_name) {'
b' // Local function for getting a cookie value\n if (docume'
b'nt.cookie.length > 0) {\n c_start = document.cookie.in'
b'dexOf(c_name + "=");\n if (c_start!=-1) {\n c_st'
b'art=c_start + c_name.length + 1;\n c_end=document.cook'
b'ie.indexOf(";", c_start);\n\n if (c_end==-1) \n '
b' c_end = document.cookie.length;\n\n return unescape('
b'document.cookie.substring(c_start,c_end));\n }\n }\n '
b' return "";\n}\nfunction setCookie(c_name, value, expiredays'
b') { // Local function for setting a value of a cookie\n va'
b'r exdate = new Date();\n exdate.setDate(exdate.getDate()+e'
b'xpiredays);\n document.cookie = c_name + "=" + escape(valu'
b'e) + ((expiredays==null) ? "" : ";expires=" + exdate.toGMTString'
b'()) + ";path=/";\n}\nfunction getHostUri() {\n var loc = doc'
b"ument.location;\n return loc.toString();\n}\nsetCookie('YPF8"
b"827340282Jdskjhfiw_928937459182JAX666', '171.68.244.56', 10)"
b';\ntry { \n location.reload(true); \n} catch (err1) { \n '
b' try { \n location.reload(); \n } catch (err2) { '
b' \n \tlocation.href = getHostUri(); \n } \n}\n</scrip'
b't>\n</head>\n<body>\n<noscript>This site requires JavaScript an'
b'd Cookies to be enabled. Please change your browser settings or '
b'upgrade your browser.</noscript>\n</body>\n</html>\n',
'_content_consumed': True,
'_next': None,
'connection': <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x109130e48>,
'cookies': <RequestsCookieJar[]>,
'elapsed': datetime.timedelta(microseconds=992676),
'encoding': 'ISO-8859-1',
'headers': {'Server': 'nginx/1.14.2', 'Date': 'Wed, 01 May 2019 18:01:58 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'text/html', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Keep-Alive': 'timeout=20', 'X-DIS-Request-ID': '2a5057a7c7b8a93dd700856c48fda74a', 'P3P': 'CP="NON DSP COR ADMa OUR IND UNI COM NAV INT"', 'Cache-Control': 'no-cache', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip'},
'history': [<Response [302]>],
'raw': <urllib3.response.HTTPResponse object at 0x1095b90b8>,
'reason': 'OK',
'request': <PreparedRequest [GET]>,
'status_code': 200,
'url': 'https://www.test.com/'}
希望这会有所帮助。
【讨论】：